XVI CONTENTS 



PAOB 



First Faunal Sub-Zone 402 



Eolitliic Stage. Heidelberg Man 408 



PalcBolithic Stage. The Chellean 404 



Second Faunal Sub-Zone 405 



Flora 407 



Characteristic Mammals 407 



Horses of the II and III Faunal Zones 408 



Life of the Mediterranean Islands 409 



Human Culture Stage. Mousterian 410 



3. The Third or Upper Pleistocene Fauna 412 



Pleistocene and Recent Habitat Zones 414 



Tundra Fauna and Flora 415 



Steppe Fauna. Elevation 415 



Forest Fauna 417 



Migration 419 



Mammals of the Third Faunal Zone 419 



Mammoths 419 



Rhinoceroses 421 



Reindeer or Caribou 422 



Carnivores 422 



Herbivores ............ 424 



Geographic Distribution of the Third Fauna 425 



The Schweizersbild Cave 425 



Kesslerloch Cave 425 



Voklinshofen 426 



Human Culture Stages 427 



Solutrian 427 



Magdalenian 427 



4. The Fourth, Post-Pleistocene, or Modern Fauna .... 428 



II. Pleistocene Life of North Africa 429 



Climate 430 



Sources of African Life 430 



III. Pleistocene Life of North America 434 



Introduction 434 



Geologic Divisions of the American Quaternary 435 



Faunal Divisions of the American Quaternary 488 



Succession of Elephants or Mammoths ....... 440 



Physiographic and Climatic Changes ........ 442 



Elevation. Subsidence. Reelevation 442 



Glacial and Interglacial Stages 444 



Climate of the Great Mountain Basin 447 



Migrations of the Sangamon Flora in Canada . . . . . . 448 



Migrations of Mammals .......... 449 



. Migrations of Birds 4,'^ 



Insects .............. 4.J' 



1. Early and Mid-Pleistocene Mammals of the Plains .... 452 



Relative Age of the Equus and Megalonyx Faunas 453 



Early Phases of the Equus Zone 454 



