XIV CONTENTS 



PAOE 



Middle Miocene or Viiidobonian 205 



1. Stage of Saiisan 257 



2. Stage of Sijiiorre 2U0 



3. Stage of St. Gaudens 2(53 



Middle Miocene Primates 2():5 



Upper Miocene or Pontian 2<)4 



Physiographic Conditions ......... 205 



Pikerini 267 



Characteristic Life ........... 209 



Upper Miocene Primates 271 



The Seven Rhinoceros Phyla of the Miocene 272 



II. Middle Miocene Life of Asia 273 



III. Miocene Life of North America 276 



Transition, Arikaree 277 



Ancient Physiographic Conditions 278 



Miocene Flora 282 



Lower Miocene, Merycochoerus Zone ........ 285 



Middle Miocene, Ticholeptus Zone 288 



Upper Miocene, Hipparion and Procamelus Zone 297 



Miocene History of American Deer 302 



CHAPTER V. THE PLIOCENE 



Sixth Faunal Phase 304 



I. Pliocene Life of Europe 304 



Modernization 3U4 



Palpeogeography 304 



Flora and Climate 306 



Pliocene Birds 307 



Pliocene Primates ........... 307 



Partial List of Mammals 308 



Faunal Break with the Miocene 309 



Faunal Divisions 309 



Lower Pliocene or Plaisancian . . . . . . . . .311 



Middle Pliocene or Astian 313 



Upper Pliocene or Sicilian 317 



IT. Pliocene Life of Asia 321 



Life of Southern Asia 323 



Evolution of the Proboscidea 330 



Conclusions as to the Age of the Siwalik Fauna 332 



Life of Eastern Asia 332 



Pleistocene Life of India 335 



III. Pliocene Life of North America ....... 336 



Relations with Eurasia 337 



American Migration of Asiatic Antelopes . . . . . . . 337 



Reunion with South America 339 



Evidence of Fish Faunas 339 



Geologic Succession 340 



