186 



THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



(Fig. 79, 28), on the northern shore of the African continent, and of Hemp- 

 stead (24). The Upper Ohgocene sands of Pyrimont in Savoy (Fig. 84, 4) 

 are of fluviatile origin. The Ohgocene opens with the still-water marls and 

 limestones of Ronzon (Fig. 79, 1.3) in southern France, and closes with the 

 extensive lacustrine or freshwater limestones of St. Gerand-le-Puy (Fig. 84, 

 2) in the Bourbonnais. Lignites or deposits of thick swamp vegetation are 

 abundant, as at Calaf (Fig. 79, 25) and Tarrega (26), Spain, at Celas (3) 

 (Gard) in France, and Cadibona (Liguria) (Fig. 82, 46) in Italy. Of this 

 period are the fissure deposits or Bohnerze of the Jura (Swabia), Frohn- 

 stetten (Fig. 79, 17), and other localities. The most famous fissure deposits 

 are those of Quercy (Fig. 79, 12) which, we may recall (p. 151), begin in the 

 Upper Eocene and continue into Middle Ohgocene times. 



Fig. 79. — Lower Oligocene. Sannoisian, or Lower Tongrian. FRANCE. — Lagoon 

 deposits near Paris : marnes blanches de 1 Pantin, 2 Romainville. Lignites de 3 Celas, 4 Ave- 

 jan, 5 Vermeil (Gard). 6 Fronsac (Gironde). Calcaire grossier de 7 La Grave (Gironde) dis- 

 tinct from that of Paris. Gypse de S Sainte-Sabine (Dordogne). Argiles de Q Duras (Dor- 

 dogne). Calcaire d' 10 /ssiffeac (Dordogne). 11 Saint-Cer7iin (Dordogne) . Phosphorites du 

 12 Quercy, south central France, in part. Marnes et calcaires (100 meters) de 13 Ronzon, 

 near Lyons. Calcaire de 14 Brie, north of Paris. GERMANY. — Fluviatile, Melanienkalke 

 von 15 Brunnstatt, 16 Rixhcim (Alsatia). Bohnerz von 17 Frohnstetten (Suabia) ; Asphaltkalk 

 von 18 Lobsann (Alsatia) ; Bohnerz von 19 V ehringerdorf , 20 Vehringen, 21 Eselsberg, near 

 Ulm, 22 Hochberg in Suabian Jura ; Bohnerz von 23 Oerlingerthal, near Ulm. ENGLAND. — 

 Fluvio-marine clay and marl (140 ft.) of 24 Hempstead on Isle of Wight. SPAIN. — Lignites 

 of 25 Calaf, 26 Tarrega near Barcelona. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. — Flysch, freshwater and 

 marine of 27 Monte-Promina (Dalmatia). EGYPT. — Sand and clay, fluvio-marine, of 28 

 the Faydm. Correlation of Deperet. 



