OLIGOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 193 



The members of this fauna that are dying out are the hyaenodonts, 

 palseotheres, and entelodonts. The apparent extinction of these giant 



pigs (entelodonts) in Europe is note- 

 Characteristic Mammals worthy, because in America they sur- 



Amynodonts vive to tiie summit of the OHgocene 



(Cadurcotherium) or Lower Miocene and attain an enor- 



Pateotheres, last appearance mous size. They also are recorded 



Chalicotheres (Tctraconodon) in Miocene or Pliocene 



Entelodonts, last appearance deposits of India. 



Hyanodonts, last appearance The Oligocene faunal approxima- 



Anthracotheres of large size tion to America is the closest at this 



Rodents of many existing families stage. The continued absence of 

 Insectivores of many existing families horses is very remarkable; it is doubt- 

 Amphicyonids less due to the prevalence of forests 



Machgerodonts ^nd the absence of open plains. The 



Lutrines or otters anthracotheres attain a large size. 



Viverrids The aceratheres, hornless rhinoceroses, 



Pangolins, scaly anteaters are very similar in their dental evolu- 



Aardvarks, orycteropids tion to those of Dakota. The pair- 



horned rhinoceroses {Diceratherium 

 minutum) are more advanced in the development of their horns than 

 those of the White River Group of Dakota. The chalicotheres are repre- 

 sented by Schizotherium, a more advanced stage than the Pernatherium 

 of the Upper Eocene of France. On the whole, the fauna is still that of 

 river and lake borders, of forests, streams, and small meadows and glades. 



Upper Oligocene, Aquitanian 



This is the age typified by the mammals of the famous lacustrine beds 

 of St. Gerand-le-Puy (Allier) (Fig. 84, 2) in the heart of France. Of nearly 

 identical age in America are the Middle and Upper beds of the John Day 

 Formation in Oregon, as indicated by similar stages in the evolution of 

 the mammals. In the Old World, while the localities as listed by Deperet ^ 

 are only eighteen in number, they may be traced as far east as Hungary. 

 In Germany are the rich deposits of Eggingen (11) near Ulm. In Savoy, 

 on the borders of Switzerland, Deperet has unearthed at Pyrimont (4) a 

 fauna which promises to be richer and more complete even than that of 

 St. Gerand-le-Puy. 



As noted on p. 183, Europe has now taken on its modern outlines. 

 This is a period of great bodies of freshwater, partly bordered with decidu- 

 ous trees of modern type. The deposits of St. Gerand-le-Puy, of Pyrimont 

 (Savoy), of Weisenau near Mayence, and of Ulm in the basin of the Upper 



' Deperet, L'evolution des Mammif^res tertiaires; I'importance des migrations (Oligo- 

 cene). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Vol. CXLII, sea. March 12, 1900, p. 618. 

 o 



