194 



THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



Danube mark a long band across western and central Europe over which 

 ranged a very typical and very homogeneous mammalian fauna. 



Declining groups. — There are marked extinctions or emigrations. The 

 absentees among the recorded mammals of this Aquitanian stage are the 

 palseotheres, amynodonts or cadurcotheres, the entclodonts or giant pigs, 

 the gelocids (Gelocus), as well as their enemies the carnivorous hyaenodonts. 

 With these exceptions the Middle Oligocene or Stampian mammals (p. 193) 

 probably all continue at this time. Yet it is certain that we have here 



Fig. 84. — Upper Oligocene. Aquitanian. FRANCE. — Calcaire de 1 Celles-sur-Cher, 

 2 Saint-Gerand-le-Puy, in the Bourbonnais, lacustrine formation. 3 Chaveroche, in the Bour- 

 bonnais. Conglomerat et sables de 4 Pyrimont, marnes de Challenges, in Savoy. 5 I'arages, 

 in Provence. Gr6s mollassique de 6 Boujac, near Alais (70-80 meters). MoUasse d' 7 Avignon, 

 in Rhone valley. GERMANY. — Kalke von 8 Weisenau, 9 Mombach, near Mainz. 10 Has~ 

 lach, in southwestern Germany. Kalk und Mergelbiinke von 11 Eggingen, near Ulm. 

 SWITZERLAND. — MoUasse grise de 12 Lausanne, on Lake Geneva, fresh water with a 

 marine band (.300 meters). 13 Othmarsingen, near Ziirich. MoUasse a lignites de 14 Hohe 

 Rhonen, near Basel. SPAIN. — Marls and limestones of 15 Ruhi, near Barcelona. AUSTRIA- 

 HUNGARY. — \Q Tuchorschitz (Qohexma). 17 Keutchach (Karinthia). IS Waiizen (Hun- 

 gary). Correlation of Deperet. 



only a partial picture of the Old World life of the times, because the only 

 mammals known are those adapted to lowlands and lake and river borders. 

 Highly distinctive are the giant anthracotheres (A. magnum), the last of 

 this large phylum, although the smaller, short-crowned anthracotheres 

 (Brachyodus) survive into the Miocene. Among diminutive forms the 

 opossums or didelphids make their last recorded appearance {Amphipera- 

 therium) in the Old World. 



