THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 263 



Stage of St. Gaudens, (Eningen, Giinsburg, and Monte Bamboli 



Middle Miocene 



Mammals 

 Gibbons 

 Baboons 

 Bear 

 Civets 

 Amphicyons 

 Canids 

 Porcupines 

 Flying squirrels 

 Tree shrews 



(very doubtful) 

 Mastodons 



(trilophodont) 

 Dinotheres 

 Tapirs 

 Anchitlxeres 

 Rhinoceroses 



(three phyla) 

 Chalicotheres 

 Antelopes 

 Cervulines 



(horned) 

 Chevrotains 



(hornless) 

 Palaeomerycids 



(hornless) 

 Suillines 



(three phyla) 



This concluding phase of the Middle Miocene is, 

 according to Depcret/ typified by the fauna of St. 

 Gaudens (Fig. 129, 48) on the head waters of the 

 Garonne, which are paralleled (48-69) by the fresh- 

 water deposits of CEningen (54), near Zurich, the 

 lignites of EIgg (55) and Kapffnach (56) ; in the same 

 region, the mammals of Giinsburg (11) and Statz- 

 ling (60) in Bavaria, the lignitic fauna of Monte 

 Bamboli (63) in Tuscany, and the deposits of San 

 Isidro (64), near Madrid. 



In the (Eningen beds (which lie immediately above 

 the strata of the Aquitanian Molasse in Switzerland, 

 and are placed in the horizon of St. Gaudens, Middle 

 Miocene, upper division, by Deperet) are many plant 

 and animal remains. The flora,^ consisting of nearly 

 five hundred forms, is of a sub-tropical to temperate 

 character, with, however, some tropical species. Palms 

 are present, but very scarce. American types of trees 

 are most frequent. Comparison should be made with 

 the nearly contemporary forests of Oregon (Mascall) 

 and of Colorado (Florissant), see p. 283. European 

 trees stand next in number, followed in order of 

 abundance by Asiatic, African, and Australian forms. 

 Judging from the proportions of species found there, 

 the total insect fauna may be presumed to have been 

 richer in some respects than it now is in any part of 

 Europe. The wood beetles were especially numerous 

 and large. The waters were tenanted by numerous 

 fishes, nearly all referable to living genera; also by 

 crocodiles and chelonians.^ 

 Middle Miocene 'primates. — It is remarkable that representatives of 

 the Old World, or catarrhine monkeys, and of the anthropoid apes appear 

 simultaneously in the Miocene of Europe, and are both represented by 

 relatively large forms. Of these the cynomorph Oreopithecus bamboli, from 

 the lignites of Monte Bamboli, Tuscany, is regarded by Gervais and Forsyth 

 Major as standing nearer the anthropoids. It is true that the upper molars 

 do resemble those of the anthropoid apes, while the lower molars resemble 

 those of the baboons. The Dnjopithecus fontani is unquestionably a true 



* Deperet, L'evolution des Mammif^rcs tertiairos (Miocene). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 

 Vol. CXLIII, Dec. 24, 1906, p. 1122. 



^ Heer, O., Flora tertiaria Helvetise, Winterthur, 1853-1859; also, Die Urwelt dor 

 Schweiz, 2d ed., Zurich, 187.3. 



' Geikie, A., Textbook of Geology, London, 1893 (p. 1001). 



