270 THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



greater abundance of deer, which replaced the antelopes of the south. The 

 three older forms of rhinoceroses occur, successors of the Middle Miocene 

 forms, such as D. sansanensis. The typical giant dinothere of Kaup (D. 

 giganteum) occurs here. 



To the east the mammals of Samos ' and Maragha -' are naturally close to 

 those of Pikermi. In Samos occurs the hornless giraffine form Samotherium, 



* *, 



Fig. 135. — The Okapi (Ocapia), a primitive giraffe from the forests of the Congo. 



After Lankester. 



very close to the existing Ocapia discovered in 1899 in the African forests. 

 The aardvark {Orycteropus gaudryi) is found in both localities.^ The range 

 of all the characteristic antelopes of Pikermi to the far east in Persia is an 

 evidence of their wide distribution in Asia. The Maragha fauna also includes 

 a sivathere ( Urmiatherium) which resembles that of the Siwaliks of India. In 

 general the fauna of Maragha (seep. 332) closely approaches that of the Pliocene 

 Gf southern Asia (Siwaliks) and of China (p. 332). To the far west a similar 

 fauna (of Concud, Spain) has recently been described by A. Smith Woodward.* 



' Forsyth Major, C. J., Sur un gisement d'ossements fossiles dans I'lle de Samos, contem- 

 porains de I'age de Pikermi. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1887, p. 4; also Considerations nouvellea 

 sur la faune des Vertebres du Miocene superieur dans I'ile de Samos. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 

 Nov. 2, 1891. 



^ Schlosser, M., Die Fossilen Cavicornia von Samos. Beitr. Pal. Geol. Osterreich-Ungarns 

 u. Orients, Vol. XVII, Vienna and Leipzig, 1904. 



^ Kittl, E., Beitriige zur Kenntniss der fossilen Siiugethiere von Maragha in Persien. 

 I, Carnivoren. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Vol. II, Vienna, 1887. 



^ Rodler, A. und Weithofer, K. A., Die Wiederkauer der Fauna von Maragha. Kais. 

 Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturinss. CL, Vol. LVII, Vienna, 1890. 



2 Andrews, C. W., On a Skull of Orycteropus Gaudryi Forsyth Major from Samos. Proc. 

 ZoQl. Soc. London, 1896, pp. 296-299. 



^ Woodward, A. S., The Lower Pliocene Bone-bed of Concud, Spain. Geol. Mag., n.s. 

 Dec. IV, Vol. X, May, 1903. 



