THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 271 



In all these localities the mastodons, as well as the dinotheres, now 

 reached a higher phase of development. The mastodons are still ' longi- 

 rostral,' or long-jawed, with large lower tusks. It is noteworthy also that 

 while some of these mastodons (7^. pentelici) are still in the trilophodont 

 stage, i.e. with three ridges on the intermediate molars, the mastodon of 

 Eppelsheim is a Tetralophodon (T. longirostris Kaup) with four ridges on 

 the intermediate molars. Through the Pliocene of Europe and North 

 America both kinds are found. The Pleistocene American mastodon is a 

 descendant of a trilophodont phylum. 



This fauna may be summarized as follows: 



The animals in the opposite 

 Mastodons column which make their last ap- 



(trilophodont and tetralophodont, pearance in Europe at this time are 



longirostral) 

 *Chalicotheres 

 (Ancylotherium) 

 Rhinoceroses 

 *Aceratheres 



Sumatran types 

 *African types 

 *Teleocerines 

 Hipparions 

 Tapirs 

 Suillines 



*Tragulids, or chevrotains 

 *Cervulines 



True cervids or roe deer^ 

 First sheep, or ovids 

 Antelopes 

 *Giraffes 



*Anthropoid apes 

 Catarrhine monkeys 

 Leporids (Lepus) 

 Castorids (Castor) 

 *Amphicyons 

 Felids 

 Hyraces, or coneys 



indicated by a star (*). For several 

 of these forms, such as the water 

 chevrotains and the cervuline deer, 

 this is not an extinction, but a 

 migration. For other forms, such 

 as the aceratherine and teleocerine 

 rhinoceroses, this is apparently a 

 period of extinction, although it is 

 possible that Aceratherium survived 

 in the north and gave rise to the 

 giant Elasmotherium of the Pleisto- 

 cene of northern Asia.^ 



Especially interesting is the ar- 

 rival in Greece and Samos of the 

 large hyracoid {Pliohyrax) , un- 

 doubtedly of African origin. The 

 hyraces, or dassies, are abundant and 

 widely varied in the Lower Oligocene 

 of Africa. 



Upper Miocene primates. — 

 Schwalbe - regards the Eppelsheim 

 femur attributed to Dryopithecus as 

 belonging rather to a true gibbon and 

 thus deserving the designation Plio- 



hylobates eppelsheimensis which has 

 been given to it by Dubois. In the Upper Miocene appear two new and 

 interesting forms, the first of which, Pliopithecus antiquus, is of a tj^pical 

 anthropomorphous type, spreading over all Europe, France, Switzerland, 



' Osborn, H. F. : Frontal Horn on Aceratherium incisivum. Relation of the type to 

 Elasmotherium. Science, n.s.. Vol. IX, no. 214, Feb. 1899, pp. lGl-162. 

 ' Schwalbe, op. cil., 1909, p. .55. 



