THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 275 



1907 the giant anthracothere, A. hugtiense, and from the same horizon the 

 tetraconodont anthracothere to which he gave the name Telmatodon} 

 The A. hugtiense is a brachyodont form closely resembling Brachyodus. 



This fauna is sharply distinguished from the 'newer Miocene' fauna 

 of Europe, as well as from the true Siwalik fauna of India, by the absence 

 of Hipparion, as well as of all the other characteristic Upper Miocene 

 types of Europe and Pliocene types of Asia. We should expect to find 

 here large numbers of the ruminants, ancestors of the antelopes and of the 

 cattle, but such is not the case. We do find, however, certain other Upper 

 Miocene mammals in this fauna, indicating that it partly extended into 

 Upper Miocene times. 



The pigs are represented by animals referred to Hyotherium, a typical 

 Miocene genus, and to Sus (S. hysudricus) , a genus which, it will be re- 

 called, first appears in the Upper Miocene of Europe. In this connection 

 it may be noted that the specific and generic determinations of these ani- 

 mals probably require revision, since the determinations are old and many 

 of them are based on imperfect types. 



Beside the largely prevailing anthracotheres, the artiodactyls are rep- 

 resented by the water chevrotains (Dorcatherium) , but not by any of the 

 cavicorn or hollow-horned ruminants. 



Especially interesting among the perissodactyls is the presence of a 

 true single-horned Asiatic rhinoceros (R sivalensis), an animal not repre- 

 sented in Europe, but believed (Lydekker) to be an ancestor of the existing 

 brachyodont or browsing type, the Javan - rhinoceros (R. sondaicus). 

 Another species (? T. perimensis) is regarded by some writers (Lydekker) 

 as a teleocerine rhinoceros, or as belonging to the genus Teleoceras. The 

 hornless rhinoceroses, or aceratheres, are also numerous, being represented 

 by the widely distributed Miocene species A. h anfordi. 



That this is a browsing rather than a grazing fauna is still further em- 

 phasized by the absence both of horses and hipparions as v/ell as of grazing 

 types of cattle and antelopes. Among the five primitive species of mas- 

 todons there is recorded an animal which resembles and is referred to the 

 typical Trilophodon angustidens of the Lower and Middle Miocene of Eu- 

 rope. There is also the trilophodont mastodon {T. pandionis) and the 

 more progressive tetralophodont species (7^. perimensis)', it will be recalled 

 that this animal is in a stage of mastodon development which occurs only 

 in the Upper Miocene of Europe. Two forms of Dinotherium are recorded 

 in the Lower Manchhar Beds. Among the more rare animals mentioned 

 by Blanford ^ on somewhat doubtful evidence are the scaly anteaters, or 



' Pilgrim, G. E., Doscription of Some New Suidse from the Bugti Hills, Baluchistan. 

 Rec. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. XXXVI, Pt. 1, Nov. 1907, pp. 45-56. 



"* The ".Javan Rhinoceros" (R. sondaicus) now occurs in northern India, Burmah, the 

 Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and probably Borneo. 



3 Blanford, W. T., 1885, op. cit., p. 37. 



