310 



THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



tinuation of part of the Upper Miocene fauna of Pontian age, followed by 

 a gradual disappearance of many of these survivors. 



The older Pliocene fauna} — The older Pliocene fauna corresponds to 

 the Lower (Plaisancian) and Middle (Astiun) Pliocene stages. It is character- 

 ized by the persistence of the smaller number of Upper Miocene mammals; 



Fig. 151. — Pliocene. Plaisancian. ENGLAND. — 1 Coralline Crag of Suffolk, 

 FRANCE. — Mineral de fer d' 2 Autrey in the Saone Valley (region de la Bresse), lacustrine. 

 ITALY. — Lignites of 3 Caswo (Tuscany). Astian. ENGLAND. — 4 i?ed Crag of Suffolk, 

 marine (large part). FRANCE. — Sables marins de 5 MontpeUicr (Herault). Sables siliceux 

 gris de 6 Perpignan in Roussillon, fluvio-lacustrine. Sables de 7 Trevoux, cailloutis de 8 Mont- 

 luel, tufs de 9 Meximieux, in the Saone VaUey (region de la Bresse). Sicilian. ENGLAND. — 

 10 Norwich Crag of Norfolk, fluvio-marine. FRANCE. — Sables et graviers de 11 Chagny in 

 the Saone Valley. Graviers de 12 Perrier, flu\'iatile, Arde (Puy-de-D6me). 13 Vialctte, 

 Coupet, volcanic deposits, sables a mastodontes du Puy, Sainzelles, la Malouteyre (Haute- 

 Loire). ITALY. — Marls and sands of 14 Pareto in northern Italy, flu\'io-lacustrine. 15 San 

 Paolo (Piedmont), 16 Villafranca, 17 Ferrara, 18 Fossano (Piedmont), in the Po Valley. 

 19 Corniano, 20 Montopoli near San Miniato, 21 Enipoli, 22 SieTia, in Tuscany. Ferruginous 

 gravels of the 23 Vol d'Arno ("Sansino beds," 60 meters), flu\ao-lacustrine. 24 Papigiio, 

 lignites of 25 Spoleto, 26 Assisi, in Umbria. Lacustrine formations of 27 Campagnano, in 

 Roma, 28 Castelnuovo in the Valley of the Serchio, 29 Olivola, in Province Massa Carrara 

 (Tuscany). Correlation of Deperet. 



the larger number of Upper Miocene mammals, as noted upon p. 271, have 

 emigrated or become extinct. The persistent forms include the hipparions, 

 a few large antelopes of African aspect (Palworyx cordieri, P. boodon), large 

 monkeys with Asiatic affinities, such as Semnopithecus and Dolichopithecus, 

 allied to the langurs and macaques, rare anthropoid apes. Deer are in- 



^ Deperet, Succession stratigraphique des Faunes de Mammif^res Pliocenes de I'Europe, 

 1893, p. 538. 



