THE PLIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 317 



tical in dentition with Speke's gazelle of East Africa, also a very large ante- 

 lope (.4. aft", torticornis) , large saber-tooth tigers, hyaenas, and wolves (Canis 

 megamastoides) , the first wolf recorded in Europe. This fauna of Roccaneyra 

 is an open stej^jie or prairie fauna since it lacks all the characteristic forest- 

 living forms. The geological evidence points to this deposit as of possil^le 

 Upper Pliocene age, but with this exception there is no support for the idea 

 that hipparions persisted into the Upper Pliocene in Europe. 



The date of the introduction of the hippopotamus into Europe, as well 

 as its source, whether Asiatic or African, are very interesting questions. It 



is recorded at Casino associated with remains 

 of hipparion. 



In the Red Crag (4) of Suffolk, the prevail- 

 ing animals belong to the ancient Pliocene 

 fauna; this sand deposit of mixed origin con- 

 tains also some vertebrates (Equus, Elephas) 

 probably ])elonging to higher levels (seep. 321). 

 These remains are chiefly interesting as demon- 

 strating the range westward into Great Britain 

 of this older Pliocene fauna of hipparions, 

 tapirs, mastodons, hippopotami, and roe deer. 

 The marine mammals of this period found at 

 Montpellier include the sirenians {HaUthermm), 

 the seals (Pristiphoca), three cetaceans (Delphi- 

 nus, Rorqualis, Hoplocetus). 



Surveying this older Pliocene fauna as a 

 whole we are struck by the great predominance 

 of animals closely related to existing forms. If 

 the living zoologist should imagine himself in 

 France at this period, he would see only four 

 animals which would appear entirely novel and 

 unknown, namely, the saber-tooth tiger, the 

 mastodon, the hipparion, and the hysenarctos; 

 all the rest of the fauna would seem to be a very 

 strange commingling, or congress, of African, 

 European, and Asiatic mammals of the present 

 day. Not a single North American element 

 would be observed in this assemblage, unless we 

 except those elements of more remote migration, such as the hares, the 

 tapirs, and possibly the hipparions and the foxes. 



Upper Pliocene or Sicilian 



With this stage enters the 'newer Pliocene fauna' of English authors, 

 the faune Pliocene recente of French authors, a fauna ^ including for the 



' Deperet, Animaux Pliocenes du Roussillon, 1890, pp. 190-191. 



Middle Pliocene 

 Partial List 



Monkeys 



Langurs 



IMacaques 

 Mastodons 

 Hipparions 

 Tapirs 



Sumatran rhinoceroses 

 Boars (Sus) 

 Hippopotami 

 Roe deer (Capreolus) 

 Antelopes (Paloeoryx) 



of large size 

 Gazelles (Gazella) 

 Hyaenas 



Canids (foxes, wolves) 

 Hyaenarctids 



(dog-bears) 

 JMachaerodonts 

 Pandas (Ailurus) 

 Bears 



Wild cats, lynxes 

 Caracals, servals 

 Flying squirrels 



(Sciuropterus) 



