THE PLIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 319 



volcanic Mont de Perrier (12), near Issoire.' The genera now extinct are 

 here reduced to two, namely. Mastodon and Machcerodus. All the other 

 mammals of central France of this period, with the exception of the tapirs 

 and antelopes, continued to live on in the same region during the Pleisto- 

 cene. Monkeys are no longer found in France, a significant evidence of 

 lowering of temperature, but the macaques still occur in northern Italy. 

 While the essentially southern and plains-living antelopes have diminished 

 in number and size, being represented by only two species, the lesser. Anti- 

 lope ardea, the greater, A. tragelaphus torticornis, and there is but a single 

 species of gazelle (G. horbonica), the essentially northern and forest-living 

 deer have not only multiplied, but have greatly increased in variety and 

 the complication of their antlers. The smaller roe deer (Capreolus australis), 

 with its erect three-branched antlers, descended from the C. matheronis 

 of the Miocene, persists. There also appears the axis type of deer {Axis 

 pardinensis) , with three- to four-branched antlers, now characteristic of 

 southeastern Asia. Among the new arrivals is the stag, or red deer type 

 (C. elaphus perrieri), with long branched antlers, less complicated, however, 

 than in the Pleistocene and recent true Cervus. The fourth deer is of a 

 type (Polycladns) now extinct, with elaborately branched antlers, typified by 

 the C. dicranius (Nesti). Thus the Capreolus, Elaphus, Axis, and Polycladus 

 types are all represented, but the fallow deer, or Dama type, which plays a 

 large part in the Pleistocene, has not yet appeared in Europe. The abun- 

 dance of these browsing forest- and glade-living animals bespeaks a wide 

 extension of the forests at this period. The contemporary Leptobos etruscus 

 {— L. elatus) is the earliest ox of Europe, a generalized type with long, 

 rounded horn cores, widely separated at their base and placed low do\\Ti on 

 the forehead; the females originally described as Le2?to6os were hornless; the 

 limbs were unusually slender. 



It is not surprising to find among the enemies 

 Upper Pliocene of these northern and southern types of ruminants 

 Partial List an abundance of both the northern and south- 



Monkeys ern types of Carnivora. Pursuing the deer, 



Macaques appears one of the earliest of the distinctly 



Mastodons wolf-like or thooid canids (C. megamastoides) . 



Elephants (Elephas) The felids become more varied, including types 



Horses (Equus) resembling the lynx, the panther, and the lion. 



Tapirs Among these modern carnivores there still sur- 



Sumatran rhinoceroses vives the saber-tooth tiger {Machoirodus cul- 

 Hippopotami tridens), a species persisting throughout Pliocene 



Cattle (Leptobos) times. The bear of Auvergne (Ursus arvernensis) 



Antelopes anfl gazelles is a small animal. -The hyaenas now include types 



(diminutive) allied to both the spotted and the striped hyaenas 



' Deperet, C, Considerations generales sur Ics Vertebres Plioc^aes do I'Europe. Ann. 

 Sci. GeoL, Vol. XVII, Paris, 1885, pp. 252-253. 



