324 THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



analysis. So far as can be judged from the most valuable geologic notes 

 and discussions of Oldham/ Blanford,- Lydeklver/' and recently of 

 Schlosser,' the general arrangement of these beds in ascending geologic order 

 is somewhat as follows: 



Irawadi Valley, Burmuh (Pliocene) 



' Upper Siwaliks' (Upper Pliocene) 

 Sub-Himalayas 



Fauna I 

 Anthracotheres 

 Mastodons 



Fauna II 

 Stegodons 

 Horses (Equus) 



'Lower Siwaliks' (Middle and Lower ^ „ , /r, , , n 

 -r,,. TT HT- \ i-Bunaloes (Bubalus) 



Pliocene, Upper Miocene) 



Punjab 'Siwaliks' (Middle and Lower 



Pliocene, Upper Miocene) 

 Island of Perim, west coast of India 



(Miocene and Pliocene) 

 Bugti Hills of Baluchistan (Middle and 



Upper Miocene) 

 Manchhar Beds of Sind (Middle and 



Upper Miocene) 



Geologic or Stratigraphic Succession of the Mammals 



The mammals of the 'Lower Manchhar' beds of Sind have already 

 (p. 273) been shown to be of Middle and Upper Miocene age; those of 

 the Bugti Hills of Baluchistan appear to partake of the same character, 

 namely, what may be called the Anthracothere Zone fauna. The mammals 

 of the Island of Perim, on the west coast of India, appear to be transitional^ 

 that is, to contain both this older Anthracothere and a newer Hipparion 

 Zone fauna. As we ascend through the Punjab Siwaliks, through the 

 ' Lower Siwaliks ' and the ' Upper Siwaliks ' of the sub-Himalayas, into the 

 Siwaliks of the Irawadi Valley, Burmah, the anthracothere fauna gradually dis- 

 appears, and is gradually replaced by the newer, or true Pliocene fauna. Only 

 in the 'Upper Siwaliks' of the sub-Himalayas and in the Irawadi Valley, 

 Burmah, do we find the pure Upper Pliocene fauna of Stegodon, ElephaSy 

 Equus, Camelus, and Bubalus. These beds are partly succes- 

 sive; they partly overlap in time. 



Perim Island, a small reef overlaid by ossiferous conglomerates (fluvia- 

 tile), contains fragmentary remains of mammals discovered by von Hiigel 

 in 1836. It lacks the Upper Pliocene forms entirely and appears to be 

 intermediate between the Lower Manchhar Zone of Sind, and to corre- 

 spond only with the lower, true Siwaliks; it contains none of the Upper 

 Siwalik mammals. 



■ Oldham, R. D., A Manual of the Geology of India. Calcutta, 1893. 



2 Blanford, W. T., Homotaxis as Illustrated from Indian Formations. Rec. Geol. Sun. 

 India, Vol. XVIII, Pt. 1, 1885. 



3 Lydekker, R., A Geographical History of Mammals. Cambridge, 1896. 



■• Schlosser, M., Die fossileu Siiugethiere Chinas nebst einer Odontographie der recenten 

 Antilopen. Abh. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., CI. II, Vol. XXII, Pt. 1, Munich, 1903. 



