THE PLIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 325 



In northwest India fossils occur low down in the Punjab Siwaliks which 

 attain a total thickness of 14,000 feet. It is by no means certain, ob- 

 serves Oldham, that some of the specimens from the northwestern Punjab, 

 especially those with mid-Tertiary affinities, are not confined to the lower 

 levels. The precise horizon of all the forms collected is not kno^vn; a 

 very large proportion of Siwalik remains were obtained by native collectors, 



Fig. 155. — Map of India showing Tertiary formations containing fossil mammals (oblique 

 lines). 1. Manchhar Beds ; 2. Bugti Hills; 3. Perim Island; 4. Punjab Siwaliks ; 5. Sub- 

 himalayan Siwaliks ; 6. Beds of the Lower Irawadi. After Oldham. 



and the localities are of course doubtful. While these Punjab beds are 

 distinguished from the Miocene fauna of the Lower Manchhar by the 

 rarity of anthracotheres and the absence of Hyotherium, they appear to 

 contain a somewhat older fauna than the true Siwaliks of the sub-Hima- 

 layas. Thus, of the surviving Miocene forms several are recorded in the 

 Punjab only, namely: Dinotherium, Machcerodus, Dorcatherium, anthraco- 

 theres. More primitive mastodons are also chiefly from the Punjal). 



The Siwalik Group, or Siwaliks proper, are exposed in the sub-Himalayas, 

 a long range of hills which for a distance of 1,500 miles advance along 



