THE PLIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 329 



radiation of the Cavicornia. This is rendered still more probable through 

 the appearance here of a great variety of bovines. The ancestor of the 

 Indian l)uffalo (Buhalus) is here found in a flat-horned species (B. platy- 

 ceros) recorded both in the Punjab and in the southern Himalayas; the 

 remaining l:)o vines are of remarkal)ly modern type and appear first in the 

 sub-Himalayas only. They include a short-headed bison (Bison sivalensis), 

 the earliest knomi member of this phylum, the small cattle (Hemibos) 

 related to the existing anoa of the Celebes, also some long-skulled forms 

 such as the ancestral ox (Leptobos), said to be similar to the species (L. 

 etruscus) which first makes its appearance in tlie Val d'Arno in the 'recent 

 Pliocene fauna' of Europe. Here too are found three species of true 

 oxen (Boh), the earliest known ancestors of the domestic cattle. As re- 

 gards migration, it is important to note that the bison (Bison) and the true 

 oxen (Bos) appear in Europe only after the opening of Pleistocene times 

 (Forest Bed), namely, during the second faunal stage. 



The pig family, which we have seen represented in the Miocene Man- 

 chhar beds of Sind by Hyotherium, here l^ranches out into a great variety 

 of forms including many species of true pigs (Sus), of the ' horse-pig,' or 

 Hippohyus, with extremely elongate or hypsodont molars, and of the 

 peculiar sanithere (Sanitherium) . Among the surviving forms in the 

 Punjab Siwaliks are, as identified, both the listriodonts (Listriodon) , long- 

 snouted pigs confined to the Miocene of Europe, and an aberrant branch 

 of the entelodonts or elotheres (Tetraconodon), giant pigs confined to the 

 Oligocene of Europe and North America. Both of these identifications if 

 correct are of the greatest interest. An ancient character is also given to 

 the entire Siwalik series by the specialized anthracothere Merycopotamus, 

 long-snouted, flat-skulled animals which are confined to the Siwaliks or 

 true Pliocene, whereas the anthracotheres proper, Anthracotherium and 

 Hyopotamus, are only recorded in the Manchhar beds and Bugti Hills of 

 Sind. Merycopotamus is considered a representative of an early branch 

 of the anthracotheres, from which the hippopotami may have taken 

 origin. 



Among the river-living forms is the primitive hippopotamus with six 

 teeth in the front part of the jaw (Hexaprotodon), said to be allied to ani- 

 mals which are found in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Algeria (H. hip- 

 ponensis); there is also the true hippopotamus (H. iravadicus), found in 

 the 'Upper Siwaliks' of the Irawadi Valley of Burma. 



The Proboscidea include first the dinotheres found in the lower levels 

 (Dinotherium pentapotamice, D. indicum), descendants of animals known in 

 the Manchhar beds of Sind and on the Island of Perim, surviving into 

 the older Punjab Siwaliks, and closely related to D. giganteum of the Upper 

 Miocene of Europe. Second, there are the mastodons, third the stegodons, 

 and fourth the true elephants. 



