334 THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



the Hypohippus of the Miocene of America, of trilophodont and tetraloph- 

 odont mastodons, besides a varied group of ruminants, inclutling giraffes, 

 gazelles, antelopes, and kudus similar to those known in the Upper Mio- 

 cene of Maragha, Persia. There are also certain types which characterize 

 the older Pliocene fauna of Europe, such as the fox (Vulpes) and the hyaena. 



These mammals are divided by Schlosser into: (1) an open plains or 

 steppe fauna, found in the red clays of the provinces of Shan-Si (northern 

 China) and Sze-Chuan (western China), perhaps also in Kwang-Tung and 

 other eastern provinces ; and (2) a forest fauna, chiefly preserved in the red 

 sandstones and greenish limestones of the provinces of Ho-Nan and Hu- 

 Peh (central China), and probably also in the neighborhood of Tientsin 

 (northeast). 



Schlosser believes that the remains of the open plains fauna were prob- 

 ably washed into pools without being transported far from the places 

 where the animals died. The larger number of hipparion remains have 

 been found with the open plains mammals, although this widely distributed 

 tridactyl horse also occurs associated with the forest animals; a dwarf 

 race and also a larger one are known. Of the rhinoceroses, the species 

 R. hahereri is regarded as possibly related to the short-legged Teleoceras 

 type of America and western Europe. The aceratheres belong to a species 

 {Aceratherium hlanfordi) found both in the Manchhar beds of Sind, in the 

 Siwaliks of India, and in Maragha, Persia. In the forest fauna are re- 

 corded two other kinds of rhinoceroses, one of which is referred to the 

 two-horned Sumatran, or Dicerorhinus type, and the other {R. hrancoi) 

 to the one-horned Indian or true rhinoceros type which is recorded also in 

 the Manchhar beds of Sind (p. 275) and in the Siwaliks. 



Of the giraffes the gigantic CamelopardaUs (=Giraffa) is similar to that 

 from the Pliocene Siwaliks, while the hornless giraffe, Alcicephalus, and the 

 sivathere, Urmiatherium, are identified with the Upper Miocene giraffes of 

 Maragha. The gazelles are both steppe-living types, with resemblances 

 to the small Middle Pliocene gazelle (G. deperdita) of Roussillon, France, 

 and to the existing Grant's gazelle of Africa. Two distinctively Upper 

 Miocene antelopes of Pikermi type, namely, Palceoreas (eland) and Trago- 

 cerus (flat-horned antelope) are also recognized here. Antelopes resem- 

 bling the addax (Plesiaddax) and kudu (Strepsiceros) are also reported, as 

 well as antelopes suggesting the nilgai (Boselaphus) of modern India. In 

 association with these plains types have been found a number of remains 

 of Pliocene hyaenas, including three closely allied species, one of gigantic 

 size, also an extinct hyaena {Palhycena) intermediate in structure betweeij 

 the Pikermi form (I ctithenum) and the true hyaenas. 



The Proboscidea are exclusively mastodons, being referred to the 

 trilophodont (M. pandionis) and tetralophodont {M. latidens) types similar 

 to those which are found in the Manchhar beds of Sind as well as in the 

 Punjab or Lower Siwaliks. 



