378 THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



Alternate migration theory. — The alternation is held by Penck to be 

 demonstrated in Switzerland, where during the Riss Glaciation the Third 

 Fauna, embracing the woolly mammoth {E. primigenius) and woolly rhi- 

 noceros (D. tichorhinus) , first appears in Europe, only to be succeeded, 

 however, in the short Riss-Wiirm interglacial period, by the rearrival of the 

 Second Fauna, including the straight-tusked elephant {E. antiquus) and the 

 broad-nosed rhinoceros (D. merckii). This Second Fauna is again driven 

 out during the final Wiirm Glaciation by the woolly elephant and woolly 

 rhinoceros of the Third Fauna. 



Faunal, glacial, and culture stages. — The six culture subdivisions of the 

 Palaeolithic are those introduced by French archaeologists, for in France 

 these successive stages were first clearly distinguished, especially by the 

 elder de Mortillet; several of them are now recognized in Belgium. It 

 will be noted, secondly, that Penck traces the earliest palaeolithic culture 

 stage, namely, the Chellean, back into the heart of the Pleistocene as 

 contemporaneous with the second fauna of the very long and warm inter- 

 glacial period, kno^vn as the Helvetian, or Mindel-Riss; whereas Boule 

 would place the Chellean in the final, short interglacial period, or Riss- 

 Wiirm. 



The mammals and culture stages, therefore, are correlated by Penck ^ 

 with the great fluctuations of the northern waves of mammalian life as 

 follows. The Second Fauna of the long, warm Helvetian, or Mindel-Riss 

 interglacial stage is considered contemporaneous with the Chellean phase 

 of human culture typified at Chelles, France (Fig. 176, 15). This second 

 fauna was forced to migrate southward during the Riss Glaciation, which 

 was of long duration and accompanied by a severe climate, favorable to 

 the northern forms of woolly elephant and woolly rhinoceros, constituting 

 the Third Fauna. As the Riss glacier receded there followed the relatively 

 short Riss-Wiirm interglacial epoch, in which we discover the return of our 

 Second Fauna, and the evolution of a higher stage of human culture, namely? 

 the Mousterian, to which belong the men of Neandertal, Spy, Krapina, 

 and the animal remains of Moustier, which gives the name to this stage. 

 This Mousterian culture period was contemporary with the Riss Glaciation 

 as well as with the succeeding Riss-Wiirm interglacial stage. As this stage 

 is followed by the final, or Wiirm Glaciation, the arcto-alpine mammals of 

 the Third Fauna again appear in Europe. In the meantime the Mousterian 

 culture stage gives way successively to the Aurignacian, the Solutrian, and 

 the Magdalenian, the latter representing the height of the Reindeer Period, 

 when the Third or arctic fauna spread over Europe. After the Magdalenian 

 culture stage, which closes the Palaeolithic series, there is an interval which 

 marks the retreat of the last glaciation before the introduction of the Neo- 

 lithic culture and the appearance of the Fourth Fauna. 



1 Penck, A., Das Alter des Menschengeschlechtes. Zeitschr. Ethnol., no. 3, 1908, pp. 390- 

 407. 



