PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 389 



the period of Aurignacian culture, correspouding with the last glacial ad- 

 vance, according to Penck (see page 379) . The same writer considers that 

 at the time central Europe was tundra-like and Italy was a forested country. 



I. Fauna. Mammals op 

 THE First, or Nor- 

 folk Interglacial 

 Period 



Climate temperate . 



The faunal zone of the 

 last saber-tooths (ilfa- 

 chcerodus) 



First appearance of the 

 giant deer (Megaceros), 

 of the musk ox, and of 

 the bison 



South of the Alps the 

 straight - tusked ele- 

 phant and the hippo- 

 potamus 



Eolithic implements 



II. Fauna. Mammals 

 OF THE Second and 

 Third Intergla- 

 cial, Periods 



Climate temperate to 

 warm-temperate 



Hardj- northern forms 

 of African and south 

 Asiatic mammals 



North of the Alps the 

 straight - tusked ele- 

 phant and the hippo- 

 potamus, the ances- 

 tor of the mammoth 

 (E. trogontherii) , and 

 the broad-nosed rhi- 

 noceros (D. merckii) 

 are abundant. The 

 musk ox does not ap- 

 pear. Reindeer, if 

 present, are rare. 



Eolithic and early Palae- 

 olithic man 



III. Fauna. Mammals 

 OF the Last Inter- 

 glacial, Glacial, 

 and Glacial Re- 

 treat 



Climate cold and dry 



First invasion of the arc- 

 tic, tundra and steppe 

 types, including nu- 

 merous reindeer and 

 musk oxen 



The true mammoth, the 

 woolly rhinoceros and 

 the reindeer wide- 

 spread in Europe 



IV. Fauna. Mammals, 

 OF the Prehi.storic 

 F0RE.ST, Meadow, 

 and River Fauna 

 of Europe 



Climate similar to recent 



Absence of rhinoceros 

 and elephant, and ex- 

 tinction of the 'cave' 

 animals 



Rarity of reindeer 



The cave and loess pe- 

 riods of human culture 

 Late Palaeolithic man 



Neolithic man 



Penck ^ also observes that we cannot hope to trace a continuous evolu- 

 tion of forms during Pleistocene times, because we are not dealing with a 

 development of one successive series in one locality, but with the cyclical 

 alternation of a number of different faunas compelled to migrate through 

 the alternations in the temperature and in the floras, the mammals disap- 

 pearing and returning at intervals too brief to allow of any marked evolu- 

 tionary changes. Herein lies our difficulty when we attempt to distinguish 

 between the tundra faunas of the late glaciations and the forest faunas of 

 the late interglacial epochs, because the faunas return not only with the 

 same generic but the same specific types, as especially illustrated in the 

 case of the mammoth (E. primigenms) and the giant deer (Cervus megaceros). 



Implements of human manufacture, however, mark the progress of 

 time because in the evolution of human culture the glacial epochs are 

 separated by the successive advances in the fashioning of stone implements 

 and in the primitive arts. 



This ' alternate migration ' theory is presented in the following table : ^ 



1 See Penck, A., Die alpinen Eiszeitbildungen und der priihistorischo Meii.sch. Arch. 

 AnthropoL, n.s., Vol. I, no. 8, 1904, p. 89, '04 in Bibliography. 



2 After Penck, 1904. The reader will observe some discrepancies between this table 

 and that on p. 397. 



