pleistocene of europe, north africa, and north america 391 



1. The First, or Early Pleistocene Fauna 



As a whole the fauna of Europe is now distinguished from that of the 

 Upper Pliocene by the absence of primates, mastodons, antelopes and ga- 

 zelles, and tapirs. 



This is the fauna of the first interglacial period, knowTi as the Norfolk- 

 Interglacial. It is typified in the Forest Bed of Cromer, Norfolk (Fig. 176, 



Fig. 176. — Pleistocene. EUROPE. — 1 Forest Bed of Cromer (Norfolk). Sables cie 2 

 St. Prest near Chartres ( Eure-et-Loiro) . 3 MaUxUtu (Puy-de-D6rao). 4 Peijrolles (Bouches- 

 du-Rhone). 5 Solhilac near Puy. Clay d?posit.s of 6 Durfort (Gard). 7 Cajnrc (Lot-ct-Ga- 

 ronne). 8 Val d'Arno (Tuscany). 9 Leffe near Bergamo (Lombardy). 10 Rixdorf near Pots- 

 dam (Brandenburg). Gravels of 11 Siissenhorn near Weimar. Sands of 12 Moshach in 

 northern Baden. Freshwater deposits of 13 Clacton (Essex). Sands of Mauer near 14 Hei- 

 delberg (western Germany). 15 Chellcs on the Marne, near Paris. 16 St. Acheul (Somme). 

 17 Ilford and Grays Thurrock (Essex). Lignites of 18 Dilrnten and of Utznach, near Zlirich. 

 19 Tuuhach near Weimar. 20 Wildkirchli cave on Mont Sdntis (eastern Switzerland). Tuffs 

 of 21 the Tiber Valley, near Rome. Caves of 22 Neandertal, near Diisseldorf (western Ger- 

 many), 23 Spy, near Amur (Belgium), 23a Krupina (Croatia), 24 Chapelle-aux-Saints (Cor- 

 r^ze). Caves and alluvial deposits of 25 Ternifine {ot Palikao) near Oran (Algeria), 26 Pointe 

 Pescfwfe, near .\lgiers (.Algeria). .21 Prince's Cave (MonSiCo). Sandy clays of 28 Viiklinshofen 

 (Alsace). 29 Saalfeld (Saxe-Meiningen). Travertines, etc., of 30 Gera, Jena (Saxe-Wcimar). 

 31 Leipzig (Saxony). 32 Solutre, north of Lyons. Loess of 33 Wiirzburg (Bavaria). 34 Tliicde 

 near Braunschweig (Prussia). Cave of 35 Montmaurin (Haute-Garonnc). 36 Chateauncuf- 

 sur-Charente' {Chnrentv) . Caves of 37 Srhweizersbild near Schaffhausen, and Kcsslerloch near 

 Thayngen (northern Switzerland). Remains of lake dwellings at 38 Wanwyl (Lucerne), 39 Ro- 

 benhausen, south of Lake Pfiiffikon, 40 Concise on Lake Neuchatel (Switzerland). Peatbogs of 

 41 Hassleben, near Weimar. Travertines of 42 Langensalza (Erfurt) in central Germany. 

 Caves of the 43 Island of Malta, 44 Island of Crete, 45 Islarul of Cyprus. 



1), in which certain mammals, such as the musk ox (Ovibos), are said (Daw- 

 kins) to occur,, which are not found ih more southerly localities. This 



