PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 395 



Bear of the 'brown' Upper Pliocene of the Val d'Arno, 



and of the ' cave ' type now make their last appearance in 



Ursus ferox, U. spelceus Europe as Sedgwick's deer (C. sedg- 



Otters and martens wicki) of the For(>st Bed, with won- 



Wolves and foxes derfully complex antlers, and closely 



/ Walrus (in Great Britain) related to the C. dicranios of the Val 



L_ Trichecodon huxleyi d'Arno. A second old European 



phylum is that of the roc deer (C. 

 capreolus). A third phylum, numerous and highly diversified, is that of 

 the giant fallow deer represented by a variety of species (C verticornis, 

 C. fitchii, C. dawkinsi). There is some doubt whether the true deer of 

 the Carnutes (C carnutorum) occurs here. The true fallow deer (C dama) 

 and the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) certainly do not occur here. There is 

 also some doubt as to the existence of the moose (Alces latifrons). As 

 above noted, Newton is very uncertain as to whether the stag (C. elaphus) 

 or red deer has ever been recorded in the Forest Bed. This animal cer- 

 tainly appears in the mid-Pleistocene in Europe and only at a very late 

 stage in North America. 



Surveying this Forest Bed fauna as a whole, we see that browsing, forest- 

 living, and fluviatile types predominate. Among the carnivores are the 

 wolverine, otter, two kinds of bear, wolf, fox, marten, a true feline (Felis) 

 of doubtful reference beside the last representatives of the saber-tooth 

 tigers. Among the forest-living browsers are the richly varied deer, a very 

 large boar related to Sus scrofa, the browsing rhinoceros (D. etruscus) with 

 short-croAvned teeth; while in the rivers disported giant hippopotami 

 (H. major). 



Among the grazing and meadow-living forms either Bison or Bos is 

 represented, more probably the former genus. There should also be in- 

 cluded two species of horses, a heavier and a lighter form, the latter resem- 

 bling the E. stenonis cocchi of the Val d'Arno. Estuarine conditions are 

 represented by the presence of the walrus, the seal (Phoca), and of the 

 cormorant (Phalacrocorax) . 



Louver Pleistocene of France. — The Lower Pleistocene deposits of France 

 of approximately the same age as the Forest Bed are those of St. Prest ^ 

 (near Chartres), of Durfort (Gard), of Solilhac (near Puy), and the recently 

 discovered phosphorite deposits of Cajarc (Lot-et-Garonne) (Fig. 176, 7). 

 These beds are placed in the Upper Pliocene by Boule, in the transition 

 between the Pliocene and Pleistocene by Harle and Stehlin, as well as by 

 Deperet. Slightly more recent beds, the Lower Pleistocene age of which is 

 not questioned, are those of Montsaune and Montmaurin (35) in the 

 Pyrenees. Attributed to this age also are the plant beds of the forest of 

 Moret ^ in the Seine valley near Fontainebleau. 



■ Dawkins, W. B., Early Man in Britain and his Place in the Tertiary Period. London, 

 1880. 



