PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 403 



Among the river-living forms are the beavers; the giant beaver {Trogon- 

 therium) makes its last api3earance in Europe in this sub-stage. The mar- 

 mot (Marmota), now found in the Alps, Car- 

 pathians, and Pyrenees, is a mountain-living 

 type whose remains may have been borne 

 down by the streams. The carnivores include 

 the lions (F. spelwa), lynx (F. lynx), the bear 

 {Ursus ardos), and the badger (Meles). The 

 deer family is represented by the moose, the 

 giant deer, the roe deer, and the stag (C. ela- 

 phus). The former identification of the rein- 

 deer {R. tarandus) is now disputed. Accord- 

 ing to Lepsius the molluscan fauna points to 

 a colder climate than the present.^ 



The gravels of Siissenhorn^ are of the same 

 age as the Mosbach sands. They belong to 

 the Elephas trogoniherii stage of Pohlig, and 

 this species is more abundant here than any 

 other. The fauna again is very similar, includ- 

 ing the broad-nosed rhinoceros (Z). merckii), a 

 species of horse more primitive than E. cahal- 

 lus, the bison (J5. priscus), the red deer (C. 

 elaphus), and the roe deer. Weiss also iden- 

 tifies here somewhat doubtfully a reindeer 

 (R. tarandus). 



Eolithic stage, Heidelberg Man. — To the 

 faunal stage of Elephas antiquus, of the Etrus- 

 can rhinoceros (D. etruscus), and of primitive 

 species of horse {E. stenonis [?]) is to be added 

 the recently discovered Heidelberg man {Homo 

 heidelbergensis) determined from a lower jaw 

 found (1907) ' in the Mauer sands at a depth 

 of 24.10 meters. These sands are capped by 

 deposits of loess. Schotensack likens the 

 mammals of the Mauer sands to those of the 

 Forest Bed of Norfolk; the presence of E. antiquus indicates a somewhat 

 more recent date; while the species of horse and rhinoceros would agree 

 with the earlier Forest Bed date. This discovery is one of the most im- 



' Lepsius, R., Geologie von Deutschland und den Angrenzenden Gebieten. Erster 

 Teil: Das Westliche und Sudliche Deutschland. Stuttgart, 1892. 



* Weiss, A., Die Conchylienfauna der Kiese von Siisscnbom bei Weimar. Zcilschr. Dciitsch. 

 Geol. GeaelL, Vol. 51, 1899, pp. 156-167. 



' Schotensack, O., Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Saiiden von Mauer 

 bei Heidelberg: Ein Beitrag zur Paliiontologie des Monschcn. Leipzig. Verlag von Wilhelra 

 Engelmann, 1908. 



First Faunal Sub-Zone 

 Man 



Homo heidelbergensis 

 Straight-tusked elephant 



E. antiquus 

 Mammoth 



E. trogontherii 

 Broad-nosed rhmoceros 



D. merckii 

 Wild horse 



Equus (?) sp. 

 Urus 



Bos primigenius 

 Bison 



Bison priscus 

 Red deer 



Cervus elaphus 

 (?) Reindeer 



Rangifer tarandus 

 Giant fallow deer 



Cervus subgen. Megaceros 

 Moose 



Alces 

 Hippopotamus 



H. major 

 Giant beaver 



Trogontherium 

 Lion 



Felis spelcea 

 Marmot 



Marmota 



