404 THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



portant in the whole history of anthropology, especially as it is said to have 

 been followed by the finding of eoliths in the same layer. The lower jaw 

 is exceptionally massive, without chin projection, with an essentially human 



'""NlkK^ 



Fig. 178. — The human lower jaw (about X f) found near Heidelberg, on which is based the 

 species Homo heidelbergensis. After Schotensack and MacCurdy. 



set of teeth; in other words, it is a jaw similar to that of an anthropoid ape, 

 with the dentition of a man. There can be little doubt that it belongs to 

 one of the makers of the eoliths.^ 



Eolithic flints have also been found in Rixdorf as well as in Britz and 

 Rudesdorf, near Berlin. Stations have been discovered in England and 

 France of the same Eolithic age. 



Paleolithic Stage. The Chellean. — The typical Chellean also belongs 

 with the first life zone of the second, or mid-Pleistocene fauna. This 

 is proven in the gravel beds of Chelles (Fig. 176, 15), situated only a few 

 meters above the present level of the Marne, which show a succession of 

 three distinct deposits. The earliest deposit, or the typical Chellean, at the 

 base, resting unconformably upon the Tertiary, is a grav-el containing the 

 remains of straight-tusked elephants (E . antiquus) , the broad -nosed rhinoc- 

 eros {D. merckii), the giant beaver (Trogontheriuni cuvieri), together with 

 palaeolithic flint implements of human manufacture of the most primitive 

 type. Thus the Chellean is regarded by Penck (table, p. 379) as belonging 

 in the long, warm, Mindel-Riss interglacial epoch. Boule, however, assigns 

 it (p. 380) a more recent age, or just preceding the last glaciation. No 

 traces of the true mammoth (E. primigenius) nor of the woolly rhinoceros 

 (R. antiquitatia) are found in the lower Chellean Zone; but both are fomid 



* MacCurdy, G. G., Eolithic and Paleolithic Man. Amer. Anthropol., Vol. II, no. 1, 

 Jan.-Mar., 1909, pp. 92-100. 



