PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 407 



Early mammoth, E. trogontherii 

 Broad-nosed rhinoceros, D. merckii 

 Wild horse, E. {?) caballus 



Probably the ' forest ' variety 

 Wild lioar, Sus (scrofa) antiquus 



Extinct variety 

 Bison, B. priscus 



Extinct variety 

 UruG, or 'Ur-ochs,' Wild cattle 



Bos primigenius 

 (?) Red deer, C. elaphus 

 Roe deer, C. capreoliis 

 Giant deer, C. megaceros 

 (?) Reindeer, R. tarandus 

 Lion, Felis (leo) spelcea 

 Hycena (crocuta) spelcea 

 Brown bear, Ursiis arctos 

 Small cave bear, Ursus spelceus 

 Wolf and fox. Cams lupus, C. vulpes 

 Badger, Meles taxus 

 Marten, Mustela martes 

 Otter, Lutra 

 Beaver, Castor fiber 



Extinct variety 

 Water and field vole, Arvicola 

 Hamster, Cricetus 

 Suslik, SpermophUus 

 Marmot, Marmota 



follows in the Third Great Life 

 Zone. At Grays-Thurrock, Essex, 

 the hippopotamus also is recorded 

 by Dawkins. It is noteworthy that 

 the reindeer (R. tarandus) is not re- 

 corded in Essex. The mammoth of 

 Essex was referred by Pohlig ^ to E. 

 trogontherii. The horse of Essex, 

 according to Ewart,^ is of the 'for- 

 est ' type. This fauna is a prevail- 

 ing forest-meadow and river fauna. 

 It appears probable that the lions, 

 hyaenas, and bears which occur here 

 are not true cave types, but ances- 

 tors of the cave tjT3es which appear 

 in the next geologic stage. They 

 certainly were not cave-dwellers at 

 this time, so the specific names are 

 misleading. 



Flora. — The lignites of Diirn- 

 ten and Utznach reveal forests of 

 mid-Pleistocene age, similar to those 

 which still continue to flourish in 

 the same region of Ziirich and St. 

 Gall, consisting of spruce, firs {Pi- 

 nus ahies), mountain pines, larches, 

 birches, yews, and sycamores, with 

 an undergro"wi:h of hazel. With 



this hardy flora is associated the 

 straight- tusked elephant, the broad-nosed rhinoceros, the urus, and the 

 stag. These lignitic deposits rest on the remains of a retreating glacier, 

 and are in turn covered with those of another glacier, and are therefore 

 interglacial.^ 



Mammals of the Second Faunal Zone. — In considering the life it is 

 necessary to keep in mind the ' alternate migration theory,' of the second 

 and third faunas. 



The broad-nosed rhinoceros and the straight-tusked elephant were among 

 the most characteristic mammals of this epoch. The former animal {D 



' Pohlig, H., Dentition und Kranologie des Elephas antiquus Falc. mit Beitriigen iiber 

 Elephas primigenius Blum, und Elephas meridionalis Nesti. Nov. Act. Ksl. Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. 

 Akad. Naturforsch., Vol. LIII, no. 1, Halle, 1888, p. 326. 



2 Ewart, J. C, The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies. Repr. Trans. Highl. Agric. Soc. 

 Scotland, 1904, p. 581. 



5 Dawkins, W. B., Early Man in Britain and his Place in the Tertiary Period. London, 

 1880, p. 145. 



