PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 413 



the great inland ice sheet over northern and central Europe. The reindeer 

 penetrated even into Spain and perhaps Asia Minor. ^ Similar proofs of 

 this great and possibly repeated southerly migration of circumpolar forms 

 are found in North America. It is well for the reader to contrast this fauna 

 at once with that of the mid-Pleistocene above described (p. 399). 



This list of animals includes a 



True mammoth, Elephas primigenius 

 Woolly rhinoceros, D. antiquitatis 

 Musk ox, Ovibos moscliatus 

 Reindeer, Rangifer tarandufi 

 Saiga antelope. Saiga tartarica 

 Asiatic wild ass, Equus hemionus 

 Arctic hare, Lepus variabilis 

 Arctic fox. Cams lagopus 

 Jerboa, Aladaga saliens 

 Ibex, Capra ibex 

 Chamois, Rupicapra 

 Wolverine, Gulo borealis 

 Cave bear, Ursus spelceus 



large number of new arrivals, mostly 

 from northern Europe and Asia, 

 which partly mingled with and partly 

 drove before them the mammals sur- 

 viving from the previous period. 

 The chief disappearances or ab- 

 sentees from the early fauna are the 

 broad-nosed rhinoceros (D. merckii) 

 and the straight-tusked elephant 

 {E. antiquus). 



The dominant and most distinc- 

 tive feature of this period is, there- 

 fore, the wave, or succession of 



waves, of life from the extreme 

 north; a north no longer mild and temperate, like that of Eocene, Oligo- 

 cene, and Miocene times, but partly covered with snow and ice and in- 

 habited by arctic, tundra, and steppe types, as it is to-day. 



The chief localities where this grand third famia has been discovered 

 are the following: 



Localities 



Kesslerloch Cave, near Thayngen (Fig. 176, 37) 

 ScHWEizERSBiLD Cavc, near Schaffhausen (37) 

 Scattered deposits in Thuringia, in northern Germany, 



Saalfeld, Gera, Jena, Leipzig (29, 30, 31) 

 WtJRZBURG, Bavaria, Loess deposits (33) 

 SwABiA and Franconia, cave deposits 

 VoKLiNSHOFEN, Alsace (28) 



MoNTMAURiN Cavc (Haute-Garonnc), Upper levels 



(35) 

 Chateauneuf-sur-Charente (Charente) (36) 



Culture Zones 



Magdalenian Stage 

 Magdalenian Stage 

 Aurignacian and Solu- 

 trian Stages 



Solutrian 



Aurignacian and Solu- 

 trian Stages 

 Magdalenian Stage 



To understand the mammals of the third and fourth periods of Pleisto- 

 cene life in Europe it is, first of all, necessary to group them into four great 

 series which broadly correspond with the great geographical life zones of 



1 Pohlig, H., Dentition und Kranologie des Elephas antiquus Falc. 

 Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. Akad. Naturforsch., Vol. LIII, no. 1, Halle, 1888. 



. Nov. Act. Ksl. 



