414 



THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



the northern hemisphere at the present time. Here we may refer to the 

 masterly researches of Nehring ^ and Woldrich.^ 



Pleistocene and Recent Habitat Zones 



I. Tundra, or Snow-loving Fauna III. 



Forest Fauna, Chiefly Forest- 

 loving Forms 



Reindeer, R. tarandus 

 (Woodland variety) 

 Moose, Alces palmatus 

 Red deer, Cervus elaphus 

 Roe deer, Cervus capreolus 

 Wild cattle, Bos primigenius 

 Wild boar, Sus scrofa 

 Beaver, Castor fiber 

 Vole, Arvicola glareolus 

 Dormouse, Myoxus 

 Forest mouse, Mus sylvaticus 

 Wolf, Cams lupus 



Forest horse, E. caballus (Forest type) 

 Fox, Cards vulpes 

 Brown bear, Ursus ardos 

 Wolverine, Gulo luscus 

 Pine marten, Mustela martes 

 Badger, Meles taxus 

 Wild cat, Felis catus 



Forest grouse, Tetrao europalis 



IV. Forest and Field Types 



Wild cattle. Bos primigenius 

 Bison, Bison prisons 

 Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus 

 Giant deer, Cervus megaceros 

 Wild horse, Equus cahallus 

 Woolly rhinoceros, D. antiquitatis 

 Woolly elephant, Elephas primigenius 



Musk ox, Ovibos moschatus 

 Reindeer, R. tarandus 

 Arctic hare, Lepus variabilis 

 Banded lemming, Myodes torquatus 

 Wolverine, Gido borealis 

 Marmot, Arctomys bobac 

 Vole, Arvicola nivalis 

 Ermine, Foetorius erminea 

 Arctic fox, Canis lagopus 



Ptarmigan, Lagopus alpinus 



II. Steppe Fauna, on High, Grassy 

 Steppes, and Pastures 



Saiga antelope, Antilope saiga 

 Reindeer, R. tarandus 



(Barren ground variety) 

 Wild ass, Equus hemionus 

 Wild horse, Equus przewalskii 



(Steppe type) 

 Wild cattle, Bos primigenius 

 Jerboa, Aladaga jaculus 

 Suslik, Spermophilus 

 Hamster, Cricetus 



Woolly rhinoceros, Diceros tichorhinus 

 Elasmothere, frontal-horned rhinoceros, 



Elasmotherium 

 Marmot, Marmota 

 Dwarf pica, Lagomys pusillu^ 

 Vole, Arvicola 

 Wolf, Canis lupus 

 Rabbit, Lepus timidv^ 

 Mole, Talpa europoea 



1 Nehring, A., tlber Tundren und Steppen der Jetzt- und Vorzeit, mit besonderer Be- 

 riicksichtigung ihrer Fauna. Berlin, 1890. 



2 Woldrich, J. N., Die diluvialen Faunen Mitteleuropas und eine heutige Sareptaner 

 Steppenfauna in Niederosterreich. Mitth. Anlhrop. Ges. Wien, Vol. XI, n.s.. Vol. I, Vienna, 



1882. 



