PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 425 



Geographic Distribution of the Third Fauna 



The Schweizersbild Cave (Fig. 176, 37) belongs to the Magdalenian 

 Stage of human culture, and according to Penck the indications are that it 

 dates from the maxi- 

 mum period in the 

 last glacial advance.^ 

 The deposits in the 

 Schweizersbild Cave, 

 as described above 

 (p. 418), began with 

 the tundra fauna, on 

 which accumulated 



(1) the steppe fauna 

 of the reindeer age, 



(2) the steppe fauna 

 of the upper rodent 

 layer, both Palaeo- 

 lithic, and immedi- 

 ately succeeded (3) by 

 the Neolithic ' forest 

 fauna ' of the ' gray 

 culture ' layer. It 

 thus bridges over an 



enormously long Fig. ISo.— Skulls of the Pleistocene "woolly rhinoceros" 



period of time ^- cmtiquitatis of Eurasia (above), and of the recent African 



" ' "white rhinoceros" D. simiw (below). In the American Museum 



Much time must of Natural History. 



have elapsed between 



the first halt in the glacial retreat and the appearance of Magdalenian man 

 in this cave. Boule and Penck agree in saying that the Magdalenian 

 or reindeer man arrived in the Schaffhausen region long 

 after thelast Quaternary glaciers had vanished thence, 

 that is, after the disappearance of the tundra fauna.^ 



Kesslerloch Cave. — Similar conclusions result from the study of the 

 geologic conditions surrounding the Kesslerloch Cave of Thayngen in Swit- 

 zerland (Fig. 17G, 37). This famous cave lies on the edge of a moderately 

 wide valley, traversed by a brook.^ In this sheltered, well-watered, hilly 

 region, woods flourished and harbored the forest animals, at the same time 

 that the glaciers retreating southward left damp and stony areas, closely 

 followed by a tundra fauna. The woolly rhinoceros and the mammoth 



' Penck, A., Die Glacialbildungen um Schaffhausen und ihre Beziehungen zu den prae- 

 historischen Stationcn des Schweizcrsl)ildert und von Thayngen. Neue Denkschr. allg. schweiz. 

 Ges. gesam. Naturwiss. Vol. XXXV, 1896, pp. 155-179. 



2 Niiesch, J., Das Kesslerloch, eine Hohle aus paliiolithischer Zeit. Neue Grabungen und 

 Funde. Neue Denkschr. allg. schweiz. Ges. gesam. Naturwiss., Vol. XXXIX, Pt. 2, pp. 1-72. 



