PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 427 



bison and the urus. The five grand geographic components of the fauna 

 are the following: the tundra, steppe, ali)ine, the meadow-forest, the mod- 

 ern forest. All are contemporaneous \vith Paleolithic man except the 

 modern forest mammals, which belong to the Neolithic age. 



Human Culture Stages 



Solutrian. — The Solutrian Stage succeeds the Moustcrian. According 

 to Penck ^ it represents the maximum of tlie last glacial advance, the tundra 

 and steppe period of mammaUan life. In the opinion of all French archae- 

 ologists the Solutrian represents the beginning of the Reindeer Period, and 

 is closely joinetl with the Magdalenian, which represents the close of the 

 Reindeer Period, both being entirely post-glacial. According to Pohlig ^ 

 the Solutrian is not represented in the deposits of England, Germany, 

 Austria, Belgium, or Switzerland. It is typified at Solutre (Fig. 176, 32), in 

 the vicinity of the river Saone, midway between Chalon and Lyon, the site of 

 an open-air palaeolithic camp. Toussaint enumerates fragments of at least 

 100,000 horses, which, mingled with other bones of the chase, formed a sort 

 of rampart around the camp of Solutre. The majority of these horses 

 belonged to the stout-headed, short-limbed 'Norse' or 'forest' type of 

 Ewart, measuring about fifty-four inches (13.2 hands) at the withers, the 

 size of an existing pony. The large joints and hoofs are especially adapted 

 to the low-lying marshy ground in the vicinity of forests and for feeding 

 during part of the year on coarse grasses, roots, and other hard substances, 

 for which its long teeth and powerful jaws were well adapted.^ There is 

 no evidence that men of the Solutrian age either bred or reared these ani- 

 mals; had they been bred for food, young animals would appear more 

 abundant. The majority of the remains are of horses from five to seven 

 years of age. 



Magdalenian. — The Magdalenian Stage belongs to the faunal zone of 

 the last stages of the mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, and the reindeer. 

 It represents the close of the ' Reindeer Period ' of the older classifications. 

 Boule places the Magdalenian well along in the post-glacial period. The 

 mammoth existed in Italy up to Mousterian times, while in France it per- 

 sisted up to the Magdalenian. Boule and Penck agree that it corresponds 

 with the end of the last glacial epoch, or with the last glacial retreat.^ It 

 is tjTDified by the upper levels of the rich deposits of Schweizersbild near 

 Schaffhausen, and of the Kesslerloch Cave. 



1 See Penck's Table, p. 379. 



^ Pohlig, H., Eiszeit und Urgesnhichte des Menschen. Leipzig, 1907. 



^ Ewart, J. C, The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies. Trans. Highland Agric. Soc. of 

 Scotland, 1904, pp. 1-39. 



' Boule, M., Observations sur un Silex Taille du ,Iura et sur la Chronologic de M. Penck. 

 L'AnthropoL, Vol. XIX, 1908; Penck, A., Lect. before N.Y. Acad. Sci., Jan. 25, 1909. 



