PLEISTOCENE'OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 431 



by discovery of the complete Csenozoic history of Asia and Africa. It 

 would appear probable from our previous studies that several continents 

 contributed to the remote or original ancestry of this fauna, somewhat as 

 follows : 



Africa, elephants and mastodons. 



Northern Eurasia, deer antl bear. 



Southern Eurasia, wild cattle and buffalo. 



North America, rhinoceroses, various Equidae, the" camel. 



The total assemblage may be summarized as follows from Pomel : 



Six species of elephants are knowTi, 

 including the mastodon as well as a 

 southern mammoth {E. meridio- 

 nalis) found in the early Pleistocene 

 deposits. In later deposits elephants 

 similar to the E. antiquus t>T3e of 

 Europe and its dwarf representative 

 in Malta are found, but the most 

 characteristic and widespread form 

 (E. atlanticus) belongs to the African 

 sub-genus Loxodonta, while differing 

 from the recent African elephant in 

 several points. The latter species 

 (E. africanus) only occurs in still 

 more recent deposits of the latest 

 prehistoric period. 



Similarly the two species of rhi- 

 noceroses (D. mauritanicus, D. subi- 

 nermis) resemble the modern African 

 tj^pes, but there is nothing to indi- 

 cate the existence either of the mod- 

 ern African 'black' or 'white' 

 species. The Pleistocene horses are 

 peculiarly interesting in the alleged 

 survival of several species of hip- 

 parions side by side on the plains of Numidia with the early North 

 African horses or zebras. One of the latter {E. numidicus) is closely similar 

 to the Upper Pliocene E. stenonis of Europe (Boule, 1899). ^ The other (E. 

 mauritanicus) shows tooth characters of the recent zebra. Thus there is 

 every reason to believe that in Pleistocene times direct ancestors of the 

 zebra, now confined to equatorial Africa, occupied the extreme north of 

 the continent. To the same period belongs the wild ass, very similar to 



Man 



Mastodon (Early Pleistocene) 

 Elephants (several species of African 



and of E. meridionalis type) 

 Rhinoceroses (2 species of 



African type) 

 Hipparions, zebras, and asses 

 Camels 



Giraffes (Lihytherium, Giraffa) 

 Deer (of the Cervus type) 

 Wild cattle (Bos) (3 species) 

 Buffalo 

 Dwarf antelopes, gazelles, 



gnus, oryx, nagor, elands 

 Wild sheep 



Hippopotami (four species) 

 Wild boar (Sus) 

 Wart hogs {Phacochosrus) 

 Cave lions (2 species) 

 Hyaenas (spotted and striped) 

 Bear (of Helardos group) 

 Jackals 

 Macaques 



1 Boule, M., Obsprvations siir quelques Equides Fossiles. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, Ser. 3, 

 Vol. XXVII, 1899, pp. 5.31-542. 



