470 THE AGE OF MAMMALS 



To the forest fauna should be added an extinct species of turkey {Mele- 

 agris alius), as well as the frogs {Rana) and several species of turtles allied 

 to modern types. 



River Fauna 



Belonging to the fluviatile or river fauna were the following forms : 

 The beaver and the otter {Castor, Lutra). 



Meadow Fauna 

 To the meadow fauna may be attributed one of the sloths {Mylodon), 

 as well as the following forms: 



An extinct bison {Bison) A giant coyote, or prairie wolf {Canis 



Two or three species of horses {E. Jraler- priscolatrans) 



nus, E. pedinatus) Two species of saber-tooth tigers {Smilo- 



An extinct species of peccary {Mylo- don merceri, S. gracilis) 



hyus) The American badger {Taxidea americana) 



Field mice, meadow voles and jumping A ruminant {Teleopternus) suggestive of 



mice {Hesperomys, Microtus, Zapus) affinity to Ovibos 



It will be observed that beside the camels and the elephants there are 

 many other absentees, or non-arrivals, in this fauna. There are no European 

 deer {Cervus), no moose {Alces), and none of the gigantic sloths known as 

 Megatherium. Giant sloths of this genus are confined to the southeastern 

 states. The bison and the bear are the most conspicuous of the newly 

 arriving Old World mammals which appear in this fauna. Among the 

 surviving indigenous North American forms are the saber-tooths {Smilodon), 

 the tapirs, horses, and peccaries. Among the latter the modern genus 

 Mylohyus replaces Platygonus. Mylohyus is a large, long-muzzled, or doli- 

 chocephalic' peccary, with vestigial upper incisor teeth ; it is quite distinct 

 from Dicotyles. Among the animals of South American affinity are the 

 porcupines, and the great sloths {Megalonyx and Mylodon). It is note- 

 worthy that several modernized species of cats, one attaining the size of the 

 jaguar {F. uncia), competed with the saber-tooths; also that the bear include 

 both the typical North American and South American types. Summarizing 

 this fauna on the basis of these determinations, there is a great predominance 

 of extinct forms. Out of a total of thirty-six genera ten are now extinct, and 

 out of forty-seven identified species twenty-nine are now extinct (Mercer). 



Frankstown Cave, Pennsylvania. — The rich deposits in the Frankstown 

 Cave as investigated by Holland ^ were apparently of somewhat more recent 

 date than those of Port Kennedy. This is a large limestone cave which 

 has yielded remains of thirty or forty species of mid-Pleistocene mammals. 

 On the whole it strongly confirms the Port Kennedy fauna as an assemblage 

 of highly characteristic life of the forested regions of Pennsylvania in mid- 



1 Holland, W. J., A Preliminary Account of the Pleistocene Fauna Discovered in a Cave 

 opened at Frankstown, Pennsylvania, in April and May, 1907. Ann. Carnegie AIus., Vol. IV, 

 nos. 3 and 4, 1908. 



