PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 471 



Pleistocene times. The absence from this cave of certain forms, such as 



Mylodon and Equus, may be due to local causes, since it represents a more 



purely forest fauna than that of Port Kennedy; it may indicate also a more 



recent period. The giant 



ground sloth {Megalonyx) 



is represented, though not 



abundantly. Mastodon 



remains {M. americanus) 



are very rmmcrous, being 



represented by an adult 



and five or six immature 



specimens. The presence 



in this cave of these infant 



mastodons and of various 



species of artiodactyls, as- 

 sociated with bones of a 



huge bear, suggest that the 



latter preyed upon these 



animals. This bear (Arcto- 



therium haplodon) is a huge 



form related to the extinct 



South American bear; it 



was somewhat larger than 



the modern grizzly, antl 



capable of attacking the 



young mastodons. There 



are a number of peccaries, 



one of which (Mylohyus pennsylvanicus) is a large animal with long tusks. 



Bison and three kinds of deer are found, one of the latter a large type which 



may represent the Cervalces of Scott, a moose. The small herbivorous and 



carnivorous fauna is similar to that of Port Kennedy. Again we note 



the absence of remains of the mammoth, reindeer, musk ox, and of the 



southerly Megatherium. It is a somewhat hardy temperate fauna. 



Ashley River, South Carolina (Fig. 194, 11). 

 — These deposits of the Ashley River Forma- 

 tion of South Carolina attracted the attention of 

 Gibbes and Agassiz as early as 1845, and were 

 seriously examined by Leidj^; but we owe 

 chiefly to Francis S. Holmes ^ the study of the 

 geologic conditions. The principal locality is 

 at Ashley Ferry in a bluff about thirty feet 



Fig. 204. — Group of American mastodons (M. ame- 

 ricanus). After original by Charles R. Knight in the 

 American Museum of Natural History. 



Equus fraternus 

 Tapirus americanus 

 Mastodon americanus 

 Megalonyx 

 Bison latifrons, 



species abundant in 



the southeast 



' Holmes, F. S., Remarks on a Collection of Fossils from the Post-Pliocene of South 

 Carolina. Proc. Acad. Mat. Sci., July 12, 1859, pp. 177-185; ibid., Remains of Domestic 

 Animals among Post-Pliocene Fossils in South Carolina. Amer. Jour. Sci. (Ser. 2), Vol. XXV, 

 1858, pp. 442-443. 



