PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 475 



Afton, Indian Territory ^ (Fig. 194, 18), is situated in the midst of a 

 plain in the extreme northeastern part of Indian Territory, or north of the 

 Arkansas River near its northern tributary, the Grand. In or near a spring 

 were fountl one hundred mastodon teeth, twenty mammoth teeth, beside a 

 considerable number of teeth of fossil bison and horse, as well as an entire 

 deposit of implements and recent bones. The prevalence here of the great 

 extinct mammals may be attributed to their frequenting the spring in wet 



Fig. 207. — The Lower Pleistocene saber-tooth tiger Smiludun neogaus, based on a skeleton 

 from the Pampean Formation of South America. After original by Charles R. Knight in the 

 American Museum of Natural History. 



seasons. Especially interesting is the identification of both varieties of the 

 mammoth, the Columbian and the imperial mammoth. The human imple- 

 ments and remains of more recent animals are matters of secondary asso- 

 ciation (see p. 496). 



The Erie Clays (Fig. 194, 5) are extensive deposits on the southern 

 shores of Lake Erie, near Cleveland, constituting a 'forest bed' containing 

 mastodon, elephant, and Castoroides.^ 



Potter Creek Cave, California^ (Fig. 194,30). — Environmental conditions 

 of the Pacific coast were quite different from those in the Middle and Southern 



' Holmes, W. H., Flint Implements and Fossil Remains from a Sulphur Spring at Afton, 

 Indian Territory. Ann. Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1901, pp. 233-252. 



- Dana, .J. D., Manual of Geology. 4th edition, 1895. 



^ Sinclair, W. J., A Preliminary account of the exploration of the Potter Creek cave, Shasta 

 County, Cal. Science, n.s.. Vol. XVII, no. 435, May 1, 1903, pp. 708 712 ; Sinclair, W. J., 

 The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave. Univ. Cal. Puhl. Am. Arch. Ethnol., Vol. II, 

 No. 1, 1904, pp. 1-27 ; Sinclair, W. J., New Mammalia from the Quaternary Caves of Cal- 

 ifornia. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal., Vol. IV, 1905, pp. 145-lGl ; Sinclair, W. J., and Fur- 

 long, E. L., Euceratherium, a New Ungulate from the Quaternary Caves of California. Bull. 

 Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal, Vol. Ill, 1904, pj). 411-418; Merriam, J. C, Recent Cave Explora- 

 tion in California. Amer, Anthropol., n.s., Vol. VIII, April-June, 1906, pp. 221-228. 



