PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 477 



among the older surviving forms of California at this time are the horses of 

 the characteristic species of the Pacific coast (E. pacificus, E. occidentaUs) 

 and a cameUd. Here, too, are remains of the bison (Bison sp.). Among 

 the smaller artiodactyls are the peccaries, doubtfully determined as Platy- 

 gonus. It is a very striking fact that, while the American deer {Odocoileus) 

 are abundant, there is no trace of the Old World deer (Cervus). 



Preying upon this herbivorous fauna is a highly varied and, on the whole, 

 very modern group of Carnivora. As in the Port Kennedy Cave, we ob- 

 serve among the Ursidae remains both of the typical black bear of North 

 America (U. americanus) and of the giant bear of South American affinity 

 (Ardotherium) . Among the cats is a very large species resembling the 

 puma (F. concolor), and the lynx. Among the wolves and foxes we discover 

 the gray fox of northern California (Urocyon townsendi), the red fox of the 

 Cascade Mountains (Vulpes cascadensis) , a large extinct species of wolf 

 (Canis indianensis) , also the badger, the raccoon-fox of California {Bassa- 

 riscus raptor), also California types of skunks and weasels. The marmot 

 (Marmota) is among the new arrivals. A small rodent fauna, chickarees 

 (Sciurus), flying squirrels (Sciuropterus) , the spermophiles (Spermophilus), 

 the chipmunks (Eutamias), the hares and rabbits (Lepus, 4 sp.), the wood 

 rats (Teonoma, Neotoma), the meadow voles (Microtus), the gophers 

 (Thomomys) , are of western mountain or Pacific tj^e. We also discover 

 here the first of the sewellels (Aplodontia), the ancestry of which has been 

 traced in the American Oligocene (p. 229). 



The fauna as a whole includes a mingling of plains and forest types, such 

 as would be fitted to the topography of this region in Quaternary times; 

 grazing camels, bison, horses, elephants may have inhabited the broad 

 valley, while the deer roamed over the hillsides, and the higher peaks afforded 

 a congenial home for the Rocky Mountain goat (Oreamnos). The cave 

 seems to have remained open for a long time, receiving bones swept in from 

 different levels by freshets in seasons of wet weather. 



The fauna is not too old to preclude the idea of the contemporaneity of 

 man. In the opinion of certain anthropologists (Putnam) the presence of 

 Homo is indicated by the fashioning of bone implements; others (Merriam, 

 1906) regard this evidence as inconclusive (see p. 498). 



Sanncel Cave. (Fig. 194, 30). — In Samwel Cave, Shasta County, 

 California, as described by Furlong,^ has been discovered a mammalian 

 fauna of somewhat more recent origin than the Potter Creek Cave. Split 

 bones with polished surfaces and chipped obsidian and basalt fragments 

 have been found here which may represent the work of man; in fact, 

 Putnam (1905) ^ considers that man existed at this time in California. The 



1 Furlong, E. L.,The Exploration of Samwel Cave. Amer. Jour. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XXII, 

 no. 129. Sept., 1906. 



^ Putnam, Evidence of the Work of Man on Objects from Quaternary Caves in Califortiia. 

 Amer. Anthrop., n.s. Vol. VIII, 1905, pp. 229-235. 



