PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 487 



the second, or Megalonyx life zone, and cannot be described with equal 

 certainty because only a single, rich faunal assemblage is known, namely, 

 that of the Conard Fissure in Arkansas. 



It appears to be defined negatively by the absence of great sloths (Mylodon 

 and Megalonyx) and of the tapirs. There is less certainty as to the absence 

 or extinction of the llamas at this time. Positively, it is distinguished by 

 the arrival of the musk ox (Onibos), the reindeer (Rang if er), and the Old 

 World deer or wapiti (Cervus). It is important to note that in Big Bone 

 Lick (p. 478) these disappearing and newly arriving forms are recorded 

 together, although they may have been successively deposited. The chief 

 localities are: 



4. Alaska, 'ground ice,' Kowak clays, etc., scattered deposits. 



3. Conard Fissure, Newton County, Arkansas. (Fig. 194, 17.) 



2. Scattered deposits in the Middle and Western states. 



1. Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, in part (see p. 487). 



If the Conard Fissure of Arkansas is rightly placed in this zone, it appears 

 that the horses still survive, although in diminished numbers. The saber- 

 tooth tigers also survive in modified form. It is probable, but by no means 

 certain, that the modern mammoth {E. primigenius) reached its most south- 

 erly distribution near the city of Washington at this time. The American 

 mastodons certainly survived in the eastern forests. The characteristic 

 types of this period may, therefore, be summarized as follows: 



Musk oxen (Symbos, Ovibos), ranging south to the central states. 



Reindeer or caribou {Rangifer). 



Old World or wapiti deer (Cervus), in the central and southern states. 



Bisons (f B. occidentalis, f B. bison). 



Mastodons, in the eastern forests. 



Northern mammoths {Elephas primigenius). 



Last saber-tooth tigers (Smilodontopsis) , in the southern states. 



Last horses, in the southern states. 



Walrus (Odobcenus), along the south Atlantic coast. 



Conard Fissure of Arkansas (Fig. 194, 17). — It is important to note 

 (Fig. 214) that this locality lies about one hundred and fifty miles south 

 of the most southerly extension of the great terminal moraine. As recorded 

 by Brown ^ (1908) of the American Museum of Natural History, this fissure 

 has yielded remains of thirty-seven genera and fifty-one species of mammals, 

 of which only four genera and twenty-four species are now extinct ; it thus 

 presents a great contrast to the Port Kennedy assemblage. The presence 

 of an extinct genus of musk ox (Symbos), of the wapiti (C. canadensis), and 

 of many small rodents and carnivores which at the present time range far 



1 Brown, Barnum, The Conard Fissure, a Pleistocene Bone Deposit in Northern Arkansas: 

 with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Twenty new Species of Mannnals. Mem. Amcr. 

 Mas. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, Pt. iv, Feb., 1908. 



