PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, AND NORTH AMERICA 489 



horns of reindeer (R. caribou), of the mammoth (E. primigenius) , of the 

 mastodon {M. americanus), of the wapiti (C. canadensis), and of the l)caver 

 (Castor fiber). ^ Seventy feet above the lake (Lake Ontario), on Burhngton 

 Bay, the western part of the lake, has been recorded the mammoth (Elephas 

 jacksoni), a type probably referable to the true mammoth. 



The Alaskan fauna. — Alaska was free from glaciers except in its cen- 

 tral mountainous belt. It presents a rich life in Pleistocene times. The bones 



Fig. 215. — Map of Alaska showing localities where Pleistocene mammalian fossils have been 

 , discovered. After Dall and others. Quackenbush, American Museum Expedition, 1908. 



of mammals are found widely distributed ; ^ their scattered remains occur 

 throughout the unglaciated region of Alaska and adjacent Canadian terri- 

 tory in several quite distinct deposits : first, in the black muck accumulated 



1 Geology of Canada, 186.3, p. 914. 



^ Dall, W. H., and Harris, G. D., Correlation Papers. The Neocene of North America 

 U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 84, 1892. 



