136 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, (June, 
be accompanied by the fullest possible notes and sketches made on the spot. 
Aside from the usual notes of locality, habitat, date of flowering and period of 
fruit-ripening, others should be taken upon the following points: In the trunk 
note habit, presence or absence of aerial rvots, form and direction of branches 
if compound ; shape, form of articles if jointed ; glabrous, granular, pubescent 
or mammilated surface; and form of ribs and grooves when present, both in 
section and{profile, especially near the apex of the stem. The last features are 
best shown indiagrams. Leaves are present in few groups, but when they occur 
their duration, size, form and direction are to be noted. All cacti produce 
more or less woolly or prickly buds known as areol#, on which the flowers and 
spines are inserted. It is important to observe whether they are immersed or 
prominent, and their form and usual distance apart. Young and old areole 
should be compared, and particular attention given to the character and color 
of their woolly or bristly covering. The very characteristic spines occur om 
the areolx, and differ greatly in number, relative location, size, form, direction 
and color, all of which are to be observed. Diagrams aid in showing the form 
the areole and the location and section of the spines. An important char- 
acter is the stability of the spines, for in some species the areols increase in 
size, and the spines become more numerous from year to year, while in others 
this change does not occur, and the spines may fall with age. 
Flowers usually come from areole on the sides of the trunk or on undiffer- 
entiated branches, but in some genera (Melocactus, ? Pilocereus, etc.,) the sterile 
and flowering parts are very different. The origin of the flowers (from old, 
one-year-old or nascent branches) and their time of expansion (diurnal, noc- 
turnal, or diurnal persisting through the night) should be observed, together 
with size, shape, color and fragrance. The form and size of the (inferior) ovary, 
and the shape, approximate number and character of the reduced sepals that 
often cover it, with the nature of the wool, hairs or spines in their axils, are all 
important, as are the shape, size and coating of the tube of the flower. In a 
longitudinal section it is to be observed whether the lower part of the tube is 
—— 
Wittows (Satrx).—In collecting willows take staminate flowers when ip 
full bloom, pistillate (preferably) a little after anthesis, and again just before 
the capsules are fully ripe, but not so old as to burst in drying, Tag bus 
which specimens are taken, and make note of localities. Gather leaves 
of both sexes late in the season; better have specimens with a few lower leaves 
