200 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ August, 
with Guadulupe, a brief geographical sketch of the principal 
islands of the Santa Barbara archipelago seems unavoidable. 
Santa Catalina lies a little southwest of the shipping port of 
San Pedro, Los Angeles county, Cal., distant about twenty miles. 
Clemente has nearly the same bearings from San Pedro, and is 
some fifty miles distant. These islands as respectively named, 
are about twenty and twenty-two miles long with varying widths 
of three to eight miles. Both lie nearly northeast and south- 
west, and in shore line conform generally to the trend of the 
coast at Santa Barbara. Both are of volcanic origin; Catalina 
showing not only extensive lava masses but a well defined crater, 
and probably, like Guadalupe, was the result of one subterranean 
upheaval or disturbance. 
Like that island, it is traversed for its length, excepting only 
at the isthmus near the west end, by a lofty and terribly precipi- 
tous mountain chain which, branching occasionally, makes place 
for several large, fertile, well-wooded and well-watered valleys. 
e is unquestionably the product of many upheavals, 
proven by the succession of terraces extending for its whole con- 
tour. The fact that the sea along the line of its former tide levels 
has not only smoothed and worn the faces of these adamantine 
basalt terraces, but mined great caves in them, is sufficient evi- 
dence to assume vast lapses of time between some of these dis- 
turbances. This porphyry formation, overlaid with a great depth 
of soil where shown by the excavations made by Indians when 
walling in their villages or walling out the winds, together with 
the terrace formations is enough to justify us in claiming for this 
island an antiquity far greater than either Catalina or Guadalupe. 
If this be true, then we might reasonably expect to there find a 
flora more distinctively peculiar than that pertaining to either of 
the other two islands. Such is not the case, however, and the 
geology of the island apparently is not verified by the botany as 
we now find it. Whether this apparent antagonism is real or 
fictitious, and due, and to what extent, to modifications arising 
from artificial or external causes, we will endeavor later to de- 
termine. As in Guadalupe, ice and snow are not of rare occurrence 
in the mountain valleys of Catalina, although the lesser elevation 
of Clemente probably exempts it from these phenomena. 
Neither of the northern islands show any signs of the tropical 
vegetation (Erythea) obtained in Guadalupe. 
Lying more in the lee of islands to the north (Santa Cruz; 
a and Santa Barbara), the channel which separates Santa 
Catalina from the mainland is always smooth and pacific, save in 
the rare instance of the southeast gales, and from that island’s 
