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XX. Observations on New-Zealand Lichens. By W. Lauper Lixnfty, 
M.D., FRS. Edinb., &e. 
(Plates LX.-LXIIL) 
Read June 7th, 1866. 
Introduction. 
THE subjects of the following ** Observations" are mainly a collection of lichens I made 
in the province of Otago, New Zealand, in 1861*,—and certain other New-Zealand lichens 
in my herbarium, mostly given me by Dr. Hooker of Kew, and collected by him in the 
course of Sir James Ross's antarctic expedition in 1839-43 —or sent me by Dr. Müller of 
Melbourne, partly from the Chatham Islands (collected by Mr. Travers, Jun., of Christ- 
church, Canterbury, N. Z.), partly from the Wellington district. I have included or 
incorporated my Notes on the New-Zealand lichens contained (in 1858) in the Hookerian 
herbarium, Kew t, most of which appear to have been collected by the Rev. Wm. Colenso, 
MA. F.LS., now of Napier, N. Z. This suite of specimens includes, Professor Churchill 
Babington informs me, all the lichens enumerated by him in Dr. Hooker's * Flora Nova 
lealandiæ” in 1855. In 1858 I also examined all the lichens in the herbaria of 
(1) the University of Edinburgh (which includes the Menziesian and Grevillean collec- 
tions), (2) the British Museum, and (3) Linnæus, in the Linnean Society 8 library,— 
but without fruit as to New-Zealand species. The first-mentioned herbarium contained 
only a few unimportant forms collected by Mossman in 1850; the others sees . 
The following “ Observations ” themselves refer chiefly to the nae or et the 
Anatomy of the reproductive organs of the species examined, especially to the pea 
of the spores and spermatia. They relate secondarily to those naked-eye or externa 
characters which mainly bear on the classification of species. s c di ds 
I have adopted here Nylander's nomenclature and classification, as Y ing rs 
most recent and the most philosophical with which I am acquainted. No je : ran 
had the same extensive opportunities of examining, with ar PE Men 
tom every quarter of the globe; none, therefore, can be more familiar T s rad 
Under differences of climate and habitat, none so well qualified to F : ui EUER 
‘Pecies with sufficient comprehensiveness and exactitude, or to simpy 
i ; : classifications with those 
Its greatest practicable extent. Accordingly, contrasting his «9° ted in Germany by 
of j : : is is represen 
ES modern continental school of lichenologists, as A = deu "n Garovaglio and 
"Aga and Krempelhuber, in Italy by Massalongo, dinavia by Fries and Norman, 
elli, in Switzerland by Stizenberger and Heppe, 1n Dean 
A Botan. Soc. Edinb. vol. viii. p. 349. 
i „ümerate in a “ List of Lichens collected in Otago, N. Z. + ves i of the late Sir W. J. Hooker and of Dr. 
?r ample facilities in examining which I am indebted to the kinén Garden of Kew. 
“> the past and present distinguished Directors of the Royal Botanic 
n xe 3Y 
