DR. LINDSAY ON NEW-ZEALAND LICHENS. 495 
nonacea may be regarded as the type of the whole. The body of the spermogone is 
generally the same throughout the Sticte ; but the site and aspect of the ostiole, by which 
iis presence is recognized on the surface of the thallus, differ somewhat, though not in 
esentials, Sometimes the spermogones are scattered irregularly over the thallus, or 
they are peripheral, or they are confined to the thalline ruge; they may be papillate, 
specially in Ricasolia, or the ostiole may be punctiform and even depressed *, 
2. Apothecia.—There is also great uniformity as regards the characters of the contents 
or constituents of the apothecia. The hymenium, in section (figs. 4, 14), usually dis- 
tinctly exhibits its constituents—thecee, paraphyses, epithecial membrane (when present), 
and hypothecial cellular tissue, with associated oil-globules (if present); and such a 
tion is generally as readily made as it is easily seen, and is most instructive as illus- 
intive of the structure of the apothecia of the higher Lichens. The hymenial lichenine 
fequently gives a reaction with iodine resembling that of the thecæ (to be immediately 
described). The paraphyses are usually subdiscrete, delicate, filiform, distinct, united 
more or less closely at their apices or heads, which are generally tuberculiform or clavate, 
ad of various shades of brown or brownish yellow. The thecæ are distinct, longish, 
obovate superiorly, with sometimes a subelongated pedicle, 8-spored, giving with iodine a 
tiful blue colour, which, though sometimes pale, generally varies little in shade. The 
pores are usually ellipsoid or fusiform, and with broadly rounded or narrowly tapering 
éxiremities, generally 1—3-septate, but sometimes exceptionally simple or 4-7-septate +. 
Within the theese, and in maturity, bilocularity is the normal or general condition (figs. 4, 
!&14. In the young state the spore-contents have not yet divided, and the spore 
peurs simple; in the old state subdivision of each locule has occurred, and 4-locularity 
S the result t. This subdivision may go further with age, prior to the complete wen 
25 up of the loculi into a granular mass preceding germination, and prodnee uxor 
“ven loculi (fig. 16 4,¢); but this is rare. There is considerable variation both as = 
gards form, size, number of loculi, and colour, sometimes even in the m upe "^ T 5 
tent conditions of growth. The typical colour (where colour exists) is pur «e 
tendency in most cases seems to be to become brown in age, if not earlier. P gcd 
: s i hade of olive. In the 
spores which are brown in maturity are frequently some $ less : and this 
"ng state, also, they are sometimes, though rarely, pale yellow or — ge gradually 
„tion may occur throughout the life of the spore, though more Bm = re is polari- 
“Stes some shade of olive or brown with age. In exceptional cases shp ag common 
or physcioid (figs. 1, 3, 6, 19, 21), resembling that of some © 
E. . ing the 
| "ie (o 8. P. parietina, L.); that is to say, the two loculi, instead of M 5 
Q 
le 
9n Spermogones, pp. 191 & 201, plate x. late exxvii. c], is one 
t Sti t N . Z. . 19, P b 
| 1 cta “nereo-glauca, Tayl. [Linds. Spermog. 193; Nyl. Syn. 358 ; gn oat according to Babing- 
ET ii which possess spores of an exceptional character ; de atom i 
eptate according to Nyl. n this subject are utterly opposed to mine. 
fe very rese is described by Norman, whose observations 0 A d froctificationis vd sporis fun- 
de” mi pa sus Redactionis novas Generum nonnullorum Liehen pen? Christiania, 1853, vol. Yi 
226, two plates, by J. M. Norman, ‘Nyt Magazin for Naturvidens 
2x2 
