DR. G. BIRDWOOD ON THE GENUS BOSWELLIA. 127 
(from Pera, beyond), and would be known by this title in the invoices, and the market 
of Alexandria, in contradistinction to those obtained within the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. 
The author is writing to Alexandrians, and is consequently specifying the precise parts 
where those commodities were obtained which they knew by the name of Peratick.” 
Arrian names frankincense also as an export of Tobai, near Aromata, and of Kane 
(Makalla) in Arabia. He names it also as an import of Barbarike, at the mouth of the 
Indus, amongst the exports of which he names costus, bdellium, spikenard, indigo, 
all exports of Kurrachee at the present day. We have already seen that he names 
frankincense as exported to Barygaza (Broach) and Limurike from Moskha (Merbat). 
But when speaking of the exports of Ozene (Ougein in Central India, where the Bos- 
wellia thurifera of Colebrooke abounds) to Barygaza (Broach)—onyx stones, murrhine 
vases, and cotton, &e.—he does not specify frankincense. Ozene transmitted also spike- 
nard, costus, and bdellium from Upper India to Barygaza; and amongst the imports of 
Barygaza are named also lycium, storax, melilotus, myrrh, and other aromata and 
unguents. : $ 
ProrzwY! (about a.D. 150) places the Libanotophoros, or thuriferous region, between 
Makalla and Muscat, placing the Smyrnophoros to its west, behind Makalla. 
DroscoRIDEs?, who merely describes drugs, says that frankincense is produced in that 
part of Arabia called Libanotophoros, and that the best is called “ Stagonias,” that the 
Indian kind is darker, and mentions other varieties, “ Syagrian” de. 
The casual notices of frankincense by the Latin poets and historians are also very 
valuable in the present argument. It would be impossible to quote in this paper all the 
passages in which frankincense is named or its use implied by them; for they would 
simply double its bulk. The most pertinent of them are quoted by Stuckius in his 
“Sacrorum Sacrificiorumque Gentilium Descriptio,’ and in the “Hierobotanicon” of Celsius, 
from which two writers most of the information given in modern * Cabinets," “Treasuries,” 
and ** Cyclopzedias" concerning frankincense is taken without acknowledgment, and very 
often without intelligence; and as Celsius makes a determined effort to exhaust all the 
learning on the subject, he very well proves how impossible it is to be universally learned 
on even so infinitesimal a subject as frankincense. In the case of some of the Latin poets 
(Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Martial, and Statius) the word for frankincense is always catching 
the eye on the look out for it. It occurs frequently in Tibullus, Claudian*, and Apuleius ; 
once or twice in Plautus, Juvenal, and Lucretius; once in Persius; and nowhere, so far 
as I have searched, in Terence. The single quotation each from Ausonius* and Florus’, 
which name, the Lebanon as the habitat of the frankincense-tree, are quite hackneyed. 
It is continually occurring in Aurelius Prudentius Clemens‘, whom I have never found 
quoted on the subject. This mass of quotations is direct evidence of the universal use of 
frankincense throughout the ancient world in the worship of the Gods. sgh 
These passages, all taken together, prove the universal trade of the nations of antiquity 
! Geographia Ptolemæi: Basiliæ, 1542. Orbis Antiqui tab. geograph. secundum puc: Amstelodami, 1730. 
* Atooxopidns. Interprete Marcello Vergilio: Colonix, 1529. Et Ex Nova interpretatione, J. E Sarraceni Lugdunæi, 
1598, | * Miracula Christi. + Monosyll. 346. 5. Lib. iii. 5. 29. 
* Passio Eulalie. P.S. Vincentii Magorum munera. 
VOL. XXVII. 
