294 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK ON THYSANURA. 
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE THYSANURA. 
Linneus placed his genera Lepisma and Podura immediately after the Diptera, and 
at the head of the Aptera, followed by Termes, Pediculus, Pulex, Acarus, Phalangium, 
Aranea, Scorpio, Cancer, Monoculus, Oniscus, Scolopendra, and Julus, in the above 
order. 
The system adopted by Geoffroy was very similar. He classed Podura and Lepisma, 
however, between Pediculus and Acarus. 
Fabricius, on the contrary, on account of the structure of their mouths, united them 
with the Neuroptera in his order Synistata; and in this view he was followed by 
Blainville. 
The order Thysanura was established in 1796 by Latreille, who placed it between 
Pulex and the Parasita. In the * Considérations Générales' (1810), he arranged it with 
the Myriopoda, and Parasita among the Arachnida. 
Lamarck, in his * Animaux sans Vertébres, adopted the group Thysanura, which he 
united with the Myriopods to form his Arachnides Crustacéennes, constituting the first 
section of his Arachnides antennées-trachéales. He even regarded the Thysanura as 
more nearly allied to the Crustacea than to the Insecta; they are, he said, ‘assurément 
point des Crustacés et encore moins des Insectes." In separating them thus widely 
from the other Hexapods, he seems to have been mainly influenced by the absence of 
metamorphoses. 
Cuvier, on the contrary, regarded them as true insects, and arranged them as the 
second order, preceded by the Myriopoda, and followed by the Parasita. 
Burmeister, in his * Handbuch der Entomologie, treats the Thysanura as a separate 
tribus, which he places between the Mallophaga and Orthoptera. 
According to Bourlet, the Thysanura follow the Myriopods, and constitute the first 
order of insects. 
Lucas adopts Laporte's name of ** Monomorphes ” for the rigido and places them 
between the Myriopods and the Anoplura. 
M. Gervais, in the * Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Aptéres, points out the great 
diversity which exists between the Lepismide and the Poduride. Referring to the 
classification of Fabrieius and Blainville, who placed the Thysanura amongst the Neu- 
roptera, he says, ** Les Thysanoures ainsi envisagées sont done des Névroptéres frappés 
d'un arrét de développement. C'est ce que nous admettons parfaitement pour les 
Lépismes et genres voisins, mais il nous parait impossible d'en dire autant, ou du moins 
dans le méme sens, pour les Podures. Le petit nombre des anneaux du corps des 
Podurelles les rapproche des Insectes épizoiques, et le reste de leur organisation diffère 
complètement de celle des Lépismes. Il serait donc plus convenable de créer à leur 
intention un ordre particulier parmi les Insectes hexapodes, dont le corps n'a 
pas le nombre normal d'anneaux. Nous laisserons à cet ordre des Podures et des 
Smynthures le nom de Podurelles, c'est à dire qui saute avec sa queue, puisque c'est là 
nu de leurs caractères les plus génér: ax” *. 
Gerstácker, in the * Handbuch der Zoologie, places the Thysanura amongst the 
Orthoptera, on account of the absence of metamorphoses, and the mandibulated 
