DR. LINDSAY ON WEST-GREENLAND LICHENS, 317 
but also to gracilis, cornucopioides, and deformis. Coemans regards it as a var. of pyxi- 
data, including as subvarieties or subforms, glauca, Flk., ochrochlora, Flk., and other 
pseudo-species. He describes fimbriata as passing into pityrea and cespititia (other 
varieties of pyxidata). The varieties or forms chlorophea and simplex of pyxidata in 
Mudd's Cladoniæ (Exsicc.) are referable to fimbriata. In the Kew Herbarium I found 
specimens labelled fimbriata, though generally with brown, sometimes with scarlet, fruit- 
warts*. The plant is therefore partly referable to the erythrocarpoust group, of 
which the type is cornucopioides ; and it would appear that it is to be properly regarded, 
like degenerans, as a mere condition of several different species ! 
As a group the Greenland Cladonie exhibit the following peculiarities—many of which 
are common, not only to the lichens of Greenland in general, but to those of Arctic and 
Alpine countries or districts—viz., the frequency of:— 
(a) Sterility—both as to apothecia and spermogonia. 
(b) Monstrosity, or deformity, abortion or degeneration, equally of the vegetative and 
reproductive organs. 
(c) Growth of parasitic Micro-fungi. 
(d) Discoloration or mottling (black or other), especially of podetia. 
(e) Absence of podetia, and increased development of the horizontal foliose thallus, 
which acquires a psoroid or parmelioid character. 
(f) Clothing of podetia with granulosities, warts, squamules, or folioles. 
The podetia are frequently very black, e.g. in degenerans and gracilis. The pulviniform 
warts or squamules, which are scattered over their whole length, are often chestnut- 
coloured, becoming olive-green under moisture, The foliose condition, without podetia, 
of the character of alcicornis and cervicornis, is common; sometimes microphylline, 
the folioles densely imbricated; sometimes broad and parmelioid, the folioles less 
numerous and more laxly arranged; generally of a brown tinge above, sometimes very 
white below. 
Occasionally the Cladonie occur in a rudimentary or Leprarioid state. At least, from 
Godhavn, there are masses of a green Lepraria overspreading ,large areas of decayed 
vegetation, granular, mealy, and sterile, which resemble what in this country is 
referred to a Leprarioid condition of Cladonie, and especially of C. pyzidata $. The 
nature of the pseudo-genus Lepraria has not, 1 think, been satisfactorily determined. 
If it is, as lichenologists assert, a mere rudimentary condition of various Cladoniæ, Par- 
meliæ, and other lichens, it ought to be easy artificially to develope a Lepraria into the 
genus or species to which it properly belongs. But I am not aware of the existence on 
record ofany experiments to this effect. Nor do I know that the natural development 
has been observed and its various steps or phases recorded. ; 
* I use this term to denote those most irregular warts which sometimes fringe the scyphi, sometimes are studded 
over the podetia or squamules, in Cladonia, which show no normal reproductive structure under the microscope, and 
which may be either abortive or degenerate apothecia or spermogonia. 
+ The earlier lichenologists speak of its purple apothecia; whence it would appear that they too recognized some 
of the erythrocarpous Cladonie under the name fimbriata. 
t Vide Lepraria (or Lepra) in the author's ‘ British Lichens ' (1856, pp. 266, 327, and 341). 
