322 DR. LINDSAY ON WEST-GREENLAND LICHENS. 
extremities of the laciniæ rounded; the whole plant more foliaceous and membranous ; 
the colour more of a uniform dark olive or chestnut, becoming greener under moisture. 
The plant grows in dense, cæspitose, dwarf masses, exactly like cucullata. This is pro- 
bably the C. Délisei, Bory *, which, regarded as a separate species by Th. Fries (Arct. 
p. 11), is by other lichenologists referred as a mere “variety” to Islandica. It has, 
however, an equal title to belong to cucullata, and is, in truth, a passage-form: between 
it and Islandica. 
It is significant, in regard to its non-use as food or fodder, in medicine or the 
domestie arts, in Greenland, that Crantz, in mentioning Islandica, speaks of it as a lichen 
which, in Iceland, where it is the “ Fjallagras," is “eaten instead of bread, or boiled 
with milk, like oatmeal ”+. 
3. What appears from Fries’s description to be C. odontella, Ach. (Th. Fr. Arct. 
p. 35) oceurs in the present collection as mere fragments, associated with eucullata from 
Jakobshavn and about Egedesminde. Its colour is pale chestnut; the laciniæ bristle 
with spermogonia. It agrees with French specimens (in Nylander's Exs.j). Just as 
Délisei appears to connect Islandica with cucullata, odontella seems to associate it with 
aculeata. 
4. C. cucullata, Bell.—Jakobshavn, Egedesminde, Illartlek Glacier. Apparently very 
abundant, but always sterile as to apothecia; sometimes, however, beautifully spermo- 
goniferous (e. y. about the base of the Illartlek Glacier). Generally dwarf and ceespi- 
tose; never so tall and beautiful as in Norway. The fine purple mottling of the base, 
so common in Norway, occurs also here. In Swiss forms, the base is tinged of the 
same deep purple, which is found to penetrate and pervade both cortical and medullary 
tissues (in Schærer’s Exs.). Thallus in Greenland plants gives no reaction with potash. 
Passage-forms into nivalis abound and are frequently very puzzling. 
5. C. nivalis, L.—Jakobshavn. Intermixed with cucullata, from which it is generally 
difficult to distinguish it, by reason of the abundance of puzzling passage-forms. In 
the present collection it occurs very sparingly, and never in fruit, though some- 
times spermogoniferous. But it would appear to occur fertile, and in quantity in some 
parts of Greenland. Thus Professor Dickie, of Aberdeen, sent to me (in Decem. 1859) a 
specimen in fruit$ ; and he remarks, in reference to it and its collector (the Surgeon to 
an Aberdeen whaler), **Covering square acres or rather miles . . . in Greenland; he only 
got about a dozen in fruit. I doubt, however, whether the Surgeon in question was 
right in supposing that the plant referred to was nivalis and not cucullata? In some 
forms of nivalis in Greenland, the spermogonia are of the usual (marginal) or typical 
kind (as described and figured in my * Mem. Spermog.' p. 302, pl. ix. figs. 42—5), e. g. 
about the Illartlek Glacier, where the thallus is beautifully black-denticulate with 
spermogonia. But sometimes they are black, barrel-shaped, or rod-shaped columns, 
seated on the surface, as well as on the edges, of the laciniæ. These elongated and large 
* Nylander's C. nigricans may perhaps with propriety be referred to Délisei. 
t Vide reference to Crantz, under head of C. rangiferina. 
^o Th. Fries, however, gives it only as a Central-Lapland plant. 
$ In the Kew Herb. I found a specimen of nivalis, from Davis Straits (Lyall, 1852), but sterile. 
