Bibliographical Notice. | 5 
ledge we find that characters abound, and it is now rather a 
question of the real value to be attached to the structure of different 
organs than a matter of complaint that characters cannot be found. 
Nor shall we arrive at a really satisfactory system of classification 
of Lepidoptera until the structure of the principal organs has been 
worked out in all the various stages of the insects; and this is a 
lifelong study for a great number of observers. 
The author of the present treatise has directed his attention 
chiefly to the structure of the palpi in butterflies, paying special 
attention (1) to the outward structure and form, (2) to the hairy or 
scaly clothing of the palpi, and (3) to the basal spot, which is a bare 
space on the inner side of the basal joint, which is striated, pitted, 
and set with numerous conical hair-scales. For the purposes of the 
present work 3557 palpi have been examined, belonging to 670 
species and 302 genera, the result of this long and patient study 
being embodied in the elaborate treatise before us. It is illustrated 
by 6 plates, the first five representing structural details and the 
sixth containing a genealogical tree of the evolution of the 
Lepidoptera. The Hesperiide are regarded as a distinct suborder 
from the Rhopalocera, under the name of Grypocera, which is 
certainly an improvement on the more usual course of treating them 
as an aberrant family of the latter. 
The first portion of the work consists of a description of the 
general form and clothing of the palpi under the various genera, 
and especially of the basal spot; the description of the latter some- 
times exceeds in length that of all other structures noticed. Having 
concluded this, the author generalizes his results, and discusses the 
comparative relations of the various families and smaller subdivisions 
which he admits. Here his observations are not confined to the 
palpi, but extend to the neuration and other morphological characters 
of the insects; and he shows himself to be thoroughly acquainted 
with the extensive and not always easily accessible literature of the 
Order Lepidoptera, and compares his own conclusions with those of 
other writers to great advantage. 
This is followed by general observations on the origin and 
classification of the Lepidoptera, not without reference to palzonto- 
logical considerations ; and by an extensive Bibliography, filling 11 
closely printed pages. 
We congratulate the author on the completion of a valuable and 
meritorious work, which marks an epoch in the study of the particular 
structures to which it is devoted. Much good work has previously 
been accomplished in Finland in other orders of insects; and the 
Finns are fully entitled to claim as high a rank as entomologists as 
they have long occupied as philologists. 
