HRDLICKA] SKELETAL REMAINS 43 
Zee Islands*@ skulls, in lowness and in other features approximating 
to the type of the Neanderthal cranium. One of these specimens, a 
female skull from the Marken island, showed a height (German 
method) of only 12 cm. 
Finally, toward the end of 1875 J. Gildemeister published a very 
interesting account of a series of remarkably low skulls, from burials 
in the dune under the Bremen cathedral.” The burials, about 30 
in number, were all of comparatively modern date, the oldest being 
from the ninth or tenth century of the present era. The majority 
of the crania belonged to the ordinary type, showing a fair height; 
thirteen of the skulls, however, presented chameecephaly, six of them 
to a most extraordinary degree (see appended measurements). Guilde- 
meister regards these specimens as representative of a distinct phys- 
ical and hence ethnic type, persisting along parts of the northwestern 
coast of Europe to modern times. The resemblance of this type to 
that of the Neanderthal skull is striking, though the lowness of the 
forehead of the latter and its great supraorbital ridges are not 
approached. 
Gildemeister’s measurements of the six most pronounced of the 
Bremen low skulls follow: 
| 
Characters. | No. 1. No. 2. | No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. 
| | | 
SEIS condod Sea to sede paces OSS econ ee Ace pe eee | Male. | /Male. | Male. Male. | Female.} Female. 
‘Chenclin oh ee c.c..| 1,480 | 1,350 | 2,050 1,340 1, 290 1, 270 
TLavneailin: [RE sce ee ee em... 20.0 | 19.0 | 21.0 18.5 18.0 18.6 
EDGnGl [i 6SSGeee eee eee eee em..| 15.0 14.5 | 16.3 12.0 14.0 1357 
Height (vertically above basion) -..cm- | 11.9 (11. 9) 13.2 12.0 | 11.0 11.5 
Bretiicindex =. 92.6.2. 6.2.2 ses.0s 2 | 75501] 9768 77.6 70.3 73.0 73.7 
Mercmtalene th inGexce. 2-6. 2----2-c20- | 59.5 (62.7)| 62.8 64.8 61.0 61.8 
Height-breadth index ..................- | 79.1 (82.0)/ 81.0 92.0 78.0 | 83.9 
| | 
The specimens, it is seen, are dolichocephalic to mesocephalic, differ 
greatly in size, and are extremely low. The height-length indices 
are the lowest recorded from any part of the world.° None of the 
skulls is reported as in any way pathological. 
The foregoing accounts, which do not seem to have been followed- 
by any additional observations of importance on similar material, 
«That is, Marken, Schokland, Urk. The account includes reexamination and illustra- 
tion of Blumenbach’s ‘‘ Batavus genuinus,’ Decades craniorum, pl. lxiii. See also H. 
Welcker, Craniologische Mittheilungen, Arch. f. Anthrop., I, 153, 1866, footnote ; reports 
on 15 skulls from Urk and Marken, with the average height of 12.7 cm. 
>Ueber einige niedrige Schiidel aus der Domsdiine zu Bremen, Abhandl. naturw. 
Vereine Bremen, iv, 513-524, taf. xii-xiv, 1875. Also Neue Schiidelfunde am Domberge 
zu Bremen, Verhandl. der Berliner Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., Ethnol., and Urgesch., 120, 
Berlin, 1875. 
¢ The height-length index, based on the vertical, or maximum, height, averages in whites 
near 75 and is generally above 70. 
