72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 33 
mound, some 5 feet distant, lay the upper layer of skeletons; but with three 
exceptions these skeletons had been disarticulated and more or less scattered 
about. Over the bones had been laid a covering of loess, scraped up and carried 
to the mound for the purpose. Through this covering were scattered small 
pieces of shells of a kind very different from the bivalves of the streams in this 
vicinity at the present day.” 
Gitper, Records of the Past, February, 19007. Skull no. 5 “lay in what I took 
to be a baked clay matrix. Before I reached the skull I had worked throug 
earth similar to other coverings of remains in the neighborhood and through 
several inches of what appeared to be earth and ashes, beneath which was the 
stratum which looked as if it had been burned. I had not at that time learned 
that an intrusive burial had taken place, and naturally concluded that the earth 
had been baked over the skull in order to prevent the leaching of the bones by 
rains.” 
Warp in BarsBour and Warp, Nebraska Geological Survey, i, part 5, 1906. 
Page 321. “The limb bones are massive and large, indicating a stature of 6 
feet, and uncommonly rough, indicating a people who were very muscular, 
particularly in the lower extremities. The strikingly large protuberances sup- 
port this view. The crania are low browed, with heavy, protruding supercil- 
iary ridges, and receding foreheads, which lack frontal eminences. In life 
these people had flat heads, protruding muzzles, large chins, and heavy brows, 
shading eyes deep set and close together. The low-browed crania are not the 
result of head-binding, nor are they those of idiots, nor are they malformed. 
Instead they are normal and represent the cranial development of the time. 
Though showing many points of similarity as well as differences, on the whole 
they seem inferior to the mound builder, and we may for the present at 
least consider the Nebraska man as a very early or degenerate mound builder. 
In corroboration are the crude flint implements or chips, whichever they are, 
associated with the bones, and the mode of burial in mounds.” 
Page 325. “The writers have frequently seen examples equally ancient, but 
these are the first authentically located.” 
Page 327. “The bones of the lower layer seem synchronous with the loess for- 
mation and antedate the hill itself, while those of the upper layer are younger 
than the loess and subsequent to the hill.” 
Warp, Putnam's Magazine, January, 1907. ‘The skeletons collected by Mr. 
Robert F. Gilder all present such striking characteristics that even at first 
glance one is compelled to recognize their peculiar type. The individual bones 
are well preserved, but heavy, brittle, and without the spongy character of such 
as have been exposed to the leaching of water in the soil. 
“All the long bones of the skeleton are massive, of more than average length, 
and distinguished by the very unusual prominence of the rough areas for muscle 
attachment and also of the protuberances which subserye the same function. 
In these particulars the leg bones are the most striking. Their development 
indicates clearly the platycnemic condition usually regarded as characteristic 
of primitive people. The femur has a strong curve forward, which is not lack- 
ing in modern skeletons: but has been noted by many as peculiarly characteristic 
of ancient femora. 
“ Judging from the location of the glenoid cavity and the length of the lower 
jaw, the latter probably did not project very conspicuously. This lower jaw 
is one of the most remarkable parts of the skeleton. It is relatively short, very 
massive, and double the thickness of a modern mandible.” 
The skulls show that “the bone is on the whole massive beyond the usual 
limits in modern skulls.” 
“The sutures are usually distinct, sometimes simple, sometimes complicated, 
