XIX.—APPENDIX 
Recent Lypian SKULLS or Low Typr in tHE U. S. Nationa 
Museum 
The preceding paper shows that in numerous cases great weight has 
been given to the low and sloping forehead, especially when accom- 
panied by heavy brows, as an index of low type and on occasion as 
evidence of antiquity. 
The notion that the low forehead signifies low intelligence gained 
wide acceptance in the early part of the last century through the 
teachings of phrenology, while the connection of heavy supraorbital 
arches and low front with human antiquity is principally due to the 
fact that these features in an exaggerated form characterize the 
crania of Neanderthal and Spy (no. 1), the latter specimen, at least, 
being of undoubted geological antiquity. Subsequent to the discovery 
of these crania it became customary, even among men of science, to 
regard massive supraorbital ridges and low foreheads as necessary 
somatological accompaniments of antiquity in the human skull. This 
led to the rather premature acceptance of the view that early men in 
general were characterized by these features, that, in other words, 
these anatomical characters represent a developmental stage of man; 
and from this it was but a step to the acceptance of the notion that 
all occurrences not clearly pathological of similar formation are 
reversions—an impression which is prevalent to this day. 
Following the intense interest produced in scientific circles by the 
discovery of the Neanderthal, Spy, Most (Bruex), Podbaba, and other 
skulls referred to the Quaternary period in Europe, there came in the 
course of time a number of reports by Busk, Davis, Blake, Pruner- 
Bey, Turner, Godron, and others, of more or less recent crania with 
“neanderthaloid” features—that is, heavy brows and low fore- 
head—from different parts of Europe as well as from Asia and Aus- 
tralia. An account of most of these specimens will be found in Qua- 
trefages and Hamy’s Crania Ethnica (1 livraison, 27 et seq., Paris, 
1876-77), and should be perused in this connection. The anomaly 
was unreservedly ascribed to atavism. 
Nonpathological recent American crania with pronounced supra- 
orbital ridges and low foreheads thus far have not been made the 
subject of a special report, yet such specimens are not very rare in 
our collections. The National Museum alone possesses a consider- 
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