﻿powell.] 
  RULES 
  OP 
  NOMENCLATURE. 
  11 
  

  

  VI. 
  No 
  name 
  shall 
  be 
  accepted 
  for 
  a 
  linguistic 
  family 
  unless 
  used 
  

  

  to 
  designate 
  a 
  tribe 
  or 
  group 
  of 
  tribes 
  as 
  a 
  linguistic 
  stock. 
  

  

  VII. 
  No 
  family 
  name 
  shall 
  be 
  accepted 
  unless 
  there 
  is 
  given 
  the 
  

  

  habitat 
  of 
  tribe 
  or 
  tribes 
  to 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  applied. 
  

   VIII. 
  The 
  original 
  orthography 
  of 
  a 
  name 
  shall 
  be 
  rigidly 
  preserved 
  

   except 
  as 
  provided 
  for 
  in 
  ride 
  in, 
  and 
  unless 
  a 
  typographical 
  

   error 
  is 
  evident. 
  

  

  The 
  terms 
  " 
  family 
  " 
  and 
  " 
  stock 
  " 
  are 
  here 
  applied 
  interchangeably 
  

   to 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  languages 
  that 
  are 
  supposed 
  to 
  be 
  cognate. 
  

  

  A 
  single 
  language 
  is 
  called 
  a 
  stock 
  or 
  family 
  when 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  found 
  

   to 
  be 
  cognate 
  with 
  any 
  other 
  language. 
  Languages 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  

   cognate 
  when 
  such 
  relations 
  between 
  them 
  are 
  found 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  

   supposed 
  to 
  have 
  descended 
  from 
  a 
  common 
  ancestral 
  speech. 
  The 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  cognation 
  is 
  derived 
  exclusively 
  from 
  the 
  vocabulary. 
  

   Grammatic 
  similarities 
  are 
  not 
  supposed 
  to 
  furnish 
  evidence 
  of 
  

   cognation, 
  but 
  to 
  be 
  phenomena, 
  in 
  part 
  relating 
  to 
  stage 
  of 
  culture 
  

   and 
  in 
  part 
  adventitious. 
  It 
  must 
  be 
  remembered 
  that 
  extreme 
  

   peculiarities 
  of 
  grammar, 
  like 
  the 
  vocal 
  mutations 
  of 
  the 
  Hebrew 
  

   or 
  the 
  monosyllabic 
  separation 
  of 
  the 
  Chinese, 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  dis- 
  

   covered 
  among 
  Indian 
  tongues. 
  It 
  therefore 
  becomes 
  necessary 
  in 
  

   the 
  classification 
  of 
  Indian 
  languages 
  into 
  families 
  to 
  neglect 
  gram- 
  

   matic 
  structure, 
  and 
  to 
  consider 
  lexical 
  elements 
  oidy. 
  But 
  this 
  

   statement 
  must 
  be 
  clearly 
  understood. 
  It 
  is 
  postulated 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  

   growth 
  of 
  languages 
  new 
  words 
  are 
  formed 
  by 
  combination, 
  and 
  

   that 
  these 
  new 
  words 
  change 
  by 
  attrition 
  to 
  secure 
  economy 
  of 
  utter- 
  

   ance, 
  and 
  also 
  by 
  assimilation 
  (analogy) 
  for 
  economy 
  of 
  thought. 
  

   In 
  the 
  comparison 
  of 
  languages 
  for 
  the 
  purposes 
  of 
  systematic 
  phi- 
  

   lology 
  it 
  often 
  becomes 
  necessary 
  to 
  dismember 
  confounded 
  words 
  

   for 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  comparing 
  the 
  more 
  primitive 
  forms 
  thus 
  

   obtained. 
  The 
  paradigmatic 
  words 
  considered 
  in 
  grammatic 
  trea- 
  

   tises 
  may 
  often 
  be 
  the 
  very 
  words 
  which 
  should 
  be 
  dissected 
  to 
  dis- 
  

   cover 
  in 
  their 
  elements 
  primary 
  affinities. 
  But 
  the 
  comparison 
  is 
  

   still 
  lexic, 
  not 
  grammatic. 
  

  

  A 
  lexic 
  comparison 
  is 
  between 
  vocal 
  elements; 
  a 
  grammatic 
  com- 
  

   parison 
  is 
  between 
  grammatic 
  methods, 
  such, 
  for 
  example, 
  as 
  gender 
  

   systems. 
  The 
  classes 
  into 
  which 
  things 
  are 
  relegated 
  by 
  distinction 
  

   of 
  gender 
  maybe 
  animate 
  and 
  inanimate, 
  and 
  the 
  animate 
  may 
  

   subsequently 
  be 
  divided 
  into 
  male 
  and 
  female, 
  and 
  these 
  two 
  classes 
  

   may 
  ultimately 
  absorb, 
  in 
  part 
  at 
  least, 
  inanimate 
  things. 
  The 
  

   growth 
  of 
  a 
  system 
  of 
  genders 
  may 
  take 
  another 
  course. 
  The 
  ani- 
  

   mate 
  and 
  inanimate 
  may 
  be 
  subdivided 
  into 
  the 
  standing, 
  the 
  sitting, 
  

   and 
  the 
  lying, 
  or 
  into 
  the 
  moving, 
  the 
  erect 
  and 
  the 
  reclined; 
  or, 
  

   still 
  further, 
  the 
  superposed 
  classification 
  may 
  be 
  based 
  upon 
  the 
  

   supposed 
  constitution 
  of 
  things, 
  as 
  the 
  fleshy, 
  the 
  woody, 
  the 
  rocky, 
  

   the 
  earthy, 
  the 
  watery. 
  Thus 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  genders 
  may 
  increase, 
  

   While 
  further 
  on 
  in 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  a 
  language 
  the 
  genders 
  may 
  

  

  