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  INDIAN 
  LINGUISTIC 
  FAMILIES. 
  

  

  language 
  and 
  ao 
  dialects. 
  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  others, 
  their 
  tribes 
  spoke 
  

   se\ 
  eral 
  languages, 
  so 
  distinct 
  from 
  one. 
  another 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  

   part 
  mutually 
  unintelligible, 
  and 
  the 
  languages 
  shade 
  into 
  many 
  

   dialects 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  diverse. 
  

  

  The 
  map, 
  designed 
  primarily 
  for 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  students 
  who 
  are 
  en- 
  

   gaged 
  in 
  investigating 
  the 
  Indians 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States, 
  was 
  at 
  first 
  

   limited 
  to 
  this 
  area; 
  subsequently 
  its 
  scope 
  was 
  extended 
  to 
  include 
  

   tliewholenf 
  North 
  America 
  mirth 
  of 
  Mexico. 
  Such 
  an 
  extension 
  of 
  its 
  

   plan 
  was. 
  indeed, 
  almost 
  necessary, 
  since 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  important- 
  

   families, 
  largely 
  represented 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States, 
  are 
  yet 
  more 
  

   largely 
  represented 
  in 
  the 
  territory 
  to 
  the 
  north, 
  and 
  no 
  adequate 
  

   conception 
  of 
  the 
  size 
  and 
  relative 
  importance 
  of 
  such 
  families 
  as 
  

   the 
  Algonquian, 
  Siouan, 
  Salishan, 
  Athapascan, 
  and 
  others 
  can 
  be 
  

   had 
  without 
  including 
  extralimital 
  territory. 
  

  

  To 
  the 
  south, 
  also, 
  it 
  happens 
  that 
  several 
  linguistic 
  stocks 
  extend 
  

   beyond 
  the 
  boundaries 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States. 
  Three 
  families 
  are, 
  

   indeed, 
  mainly 
  extralimital 
  in 
  their 
  position, 
  viz: 
  Yuman, 
  the 
  great 
  

   body 
  of 
  the 
  tribes 
  of 
  which 
  family 
  inhabited 
  the 
  peninsula 
  of 
  Lower 
  

   California; 
  Piman, 
  which 
  has 
  only 
  a 
  small 
  representation 
  in 
  south- 
  

   ern 
  Arizona; 
  and 
  the 
  Coahuiltecan, 
  which 
  intrudes 
  into 
  southwestern 
  

   Texas. 
  The 
  Athapascan 
  family 
  is 
  rejjresented 
  in 
  Arizona 
  and 
  New 
  

   Mexico 
  by 
  the 
  well 
  known 
  Apache 
  and 
  Navajo, 
  the 
  former 
  of 
  whom 
  

   have 
  gained 
  a 
  strong 
  foothold 
  in 
  northern 
  Mexico, 
  while 
  the 
  Tanoan, 
  

   a 
  Pueblo 
  family 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  Rio 
  Grande, 
  has 
  established 
  a 
  few 
  

   pueblos 
  lower 
  down 
  the 
  river 
  in 
  Mexico. 
  For 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  neces- 
  

   sary 
  comparison, 
  therefore, 
  the 
  map 
  is 
  made 
  to 
  include 
  all 
  of 
  North 
  

   America 
  north 
  of 
  Mexico, 
  the 
  entire 
  peninsula 
  of 
  Lower 
  California, 
  

   and 
  so 
  much 
  of 
  Mexico 
  as 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  show 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  families 
  

   common 
  to 
  that 
  country 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  United 
  States. 
  It 
  is 
  left 
  to 
  a 
  

   future 
  occasion 
  to 
  attempt 
  to 
  indicate 
  the 
  linguistic 
  relations 
  of 
  

   Mexico 
  and 
  Central 
  America, 
  for 
  which, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  remarked 
  in 
  pass- 
  

   ing, 
  much 
  material 
  has 
  been 
  accumulated. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  apparent 
  that 
  a 
  single 
  map 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  made 
  to 
  show 
  the 
  loca- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  several 
  linguistic 
  families 
  at 
  different 
  epochs; 
  nor 
  can 
  a 
  

   single 
  map 
  be 
  made 
  to 
  represent 
  the 
  migrations 
  of 
  the 
  tribes 
  com- 
  

   posing 
  the 
  linguistic 
  families. 
  In 
  order 
  to 
  make 
  a 
  clear 
  presentation 
  

   of 
  the 
  latter 
  subject, 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  necessary 
  to 
  prepare 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  

   maps 
  showing 
  the 
  areas 
  successively 
  occupied 
  by 
  the 
  several 
  tribes 
  

   as 
  they 
  were 
  disrupted 
  and 
  driven 
  from 
  section 
  to 
  section 
  tinder 
  the 
  

   pressure 
  of 
  other 
  tribes 
  or 
  the 
  vastly 
  more 
  potent 
  force 
  of 
  European 
  

   encroachment. 
  Although 
  the 
  data 
  necessary 
  for 
  a 
  complete 
  repre- 
  

   sentation 
  of 
  tribal 
  migration, 
  even 
  for 
  the 
  period 
  subsequent 
  to 
  the 
  

   advent 
  of 
  the 
  European, 
  does 
  not 
  exist, 
  still 
  a 
  very 
  large 
  body 
  of 
  

   materia] 
  bearing 
  upon 
  the 
  subject 
  is 
  at 
  hand, 
  and 
  exceedingly 
  valu- 
  

   able 
  results 
  in 
  this 
  direction 
  could 
  be 
  presented 
  did 
  not 
  the 
  amount 
  

  

  