﻿powell.] 
  LINGUISTIC 
  MAP. 
  29 
  

  

  of 
  time 
  and 
  labor 
  and 
  the 
  large 
  expense 
  attendant 
  upon 
  such 
  a 
  pro- 
  

   ject 
  forbid 
  the 
  attempt 
  for 
  the 
  present. 
  

  

  The 
  map 
  undertakes 
  to 
  show 
  the 
  habitat 
  of 
  the 
  linguistic 
  families 
  

   only, 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  for 
  but 
  a 
  single 
  period 
  in 
  their 
  history, 
  viz, 
  at 
  the 
  

   time 
  when 
  the 
  tribes 
  composing 
  them 
  first 
  became 
  known 
  to 
  the 
  

   European, 
  or 
  when 
  they 
  first 
  appear 
  on 
  recorded 
  history. 
  As 
  the 
  

   dates 
  when 
  the 
  different 
  tribes 
  became 
  known 
  vary, 
  it 
  follows 
  as 
  a 
  

   matter 
  of 
  course 
  that 
  the 
  periods 
  represented 
  by 
  the- 
  colors 
  in 
  one 
  

   portion 
  of 
  the 
  map 
  are 
  not 
  synchronous 
  with 
  those 
  in 
  other 
  portions. 
  

   Thus 
  the 
  data 
  for 
  the 
  Columbia 
  River 
  tribes 
  is 
  derived 
  chiefly 
  from 
  

   the 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  journey 
  of 
  Lewis 
  and 
  Clarke 
  in 
  1803-'05, 
  long 
  

   before 
  which 
  period 
  radical 
  changes 
  of 
  location 
  had 
  taken 
  place 
  

   among 
  the 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  United 
  States. 
  Again, 
  not 
  only 
  are 
  

   the 
  periods 
  represented 
  by 
  the 
  different 
  sections 
  of 
  the 
  map 
  not 
  syn- 
  

   chronous, 
  but 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  a 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  linguistic 
  families, 
  

   and 
  these 
  usually 
  the 
  smaller 
  ones, 
  is 
  it 
  possible 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  color- 
  

   ing 
  synchronous 
  for 
  different 
  sections 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  family. 
  Thus 
  

   our 
  data 
  for 
  the 
  location 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  

   Shoshonean 
  family 
  goes 
  back 
  to 
  1804, 
  a 
  date 
  at 
  which 
  absolutely 
  no 
  

   knowledge 
  had 
  been 
  gained 
  of 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  southern 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  

   group, 
  our 
  first 
  accounts 
  of 
  whom 
  began 
  about 
  1850. 
  Again, 
  our 
  

   knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  Algonquian 
  tribes 
  dates 
  back 
  to 
  about 
  

   1000, 
  while 
  no 
  information 
  was 
  had 
  concerning 
  the 
  Atsina, 
  Black- 
  

   feet, 
  Cheyenne, 
  and 
  the 
  Arapaho, 
  the 
  westernmost 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  

   family, 
  until 
  two 
  centuries 
  later. 
  

  

  Notwithstanding 
  these 
  facts, 
  an 
  attempt 
  to 
  iix 
  upon 
  the 
  areas 
  for- 
  

   merly 
  occupied 
  by 
  the 
  several 
  linguistic 
  families, 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  pristine 
  

   homes 
  of 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  tribes 
  composing 
  them, 
  is 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  hopeless. 
  

   For 
  instance, 
  concerning 
  the 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  western 
  tribes 
  during 
  the 
  

   period 
  of 
  early 
  contact 
  of 
  our 
  colonies 
  and 
  its 
  agreement 
  with 
  their 
  

   position 
  later 
  when 
  they 
  appear 
  in 
  history, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  inferred 
  that 
  

   as 
  a 
  rule 
  it 
  was 
  stationary, 
  though 
  positive 
  evidence 
  is 
  lacking. 
  

   When 
  changes 
  of 
  tribal 
  habitat 
  actually 
  took 
  place 
  they 
  were 
  rarely 
  

   in 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  extensive 
  migration, 
  by 
  which 
  a 
  portion 
  of 
  a 
  lin- 
  

   guistic 
  family 
  was 
  severed 
  from 
  the 
  main 
  body, 
  but 
  usually 
  in 
  the 
  

   form 
  of 
  encroachment 
  by 
  a 
  tribe 
  or 
  tribes 
  upon 
  neighboring 
  terri- 
  

   tory, 
  which 
  resulted 
  simply 
  in 
  the 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  limits 
  of 
  one 
  

   linguistic 
  family 
  at 
  the 
  expense 
  of 
  another, 
  the 
  defeated 
  tribes 
  being 
  

   incorporated 
  or 
  confined 
  within 
  narrower 
  limits. 
  If 
  the 
  above 
  infer- 
  

   ence 
  be 
  correct, 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  different 
  chronologic 
  periods 
  are 
  rep- 
  

   resented 
  upon 
  the 
  map 
  is 
  of 
  comparatively 
  little 
  importance, 
  since, 
  

   if 
  the 
  Indian 
  tribes 
  were 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  sedentary, 
  and 
  not 
  nomadic, 
  

   the 
  changes 
  resulting 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  centuries 
  would 
  

   not 
  make 
  material 
  differences. 
  Exactly 
  the 
  opposite 
  opinion, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  has 
  been 
  expressed 
  by 
  many 
  writers, 
  viz, 
  that 
  the 
  North 
  

  

  