﻿powf.ll.1 
  CADDOAN 
  FAMILY. 
  59 
  

  

  ii. 
  pt. 
  l.xcix. 
  1848. 
  Latham, 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  Man, 
  344, 
  1850 
  (or 
  Panis; 
  includes 
  Loup 
  

   and 
  Republican 
  Pawnees). 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Schoolcraft. 
  Ind. 
  Tribes, 
  m, 
  402, 
  1853 
  

   (gives 
  as 
  languages: 
  Pawnees, 
  Ricaras. 
  Tawakeroes, 
  Towekas, 
  Waohos?). 
  

   Hayden.Cont. 
  Eth. 
  and 
  Phil. 
  Missouri 
  Indians, 
  232, 
  345. 
  1862 
  (includes 
  Pawnees 
  

   and 
  Arikaras). 
  

  

  >Panis, 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Trans, 
  and 
  Coll. 
  Am. 
  Antiq. 
  Soc., 
  n. 
  117. 
  128, 
  1836 
  (of 
  Red 
  

   River 
  of 
  Texas: 
  mention 
  of 
  villages; 
  doubtfully 
  indicated 
  as 
  of 
  Pawnee 
  family). 
  

   Prichard, 
  Phys. 
  Mist. 
  Mankind, 
  v. 
  407, 
  1st; 
  (supposed 
  from 
  name 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  same 
  

   race 
  with 
  Pawnees 
  of 
  the 
  Arkansa). 
  Latham, 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  Man, 
  344, 
  1850 
  (Paw- 
  

   nees 
  or). 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Schoolcraft, 
  Ind. 
  Tribes, 
  in. 
  102, 
  1853 
  (here 
  kept 
  separate 
  

   from 
  Pawnee 
  family). 
  

  

  >Pawnies, 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Trans. 
  Am. 
  Eth. 
  Soc, 
  II, 
  pt. 
  1. 
  77. 
  1S4S 
  (see 
  Pawnee 
  above). 
  

  

  >Pahnies, 
  Berghaus 
  (1845), 
  Physik. 
  Atlas, 
  map 
  17. 
  1848. 
  [bid., 
  1852. 
  

  

  >Pawnee(?), 
  Turner 
  in 
  Pac. 
  R. 
  R. 
  Rep., 
  m, 
  pt. 
  3, 
  55, 
  65, 
  1856 
  (Kichai 
  and 
  Hueco 
  

   vocabularies). 
  

  

  =Pawnee, 
  (Crane, 
  App. 
  to 
  Stanford's 
  Comp. 
  (Cent, 
  and 
  So. 
  Am.), 
  478. 
  1878 
  (gives 
  

   four 
  groups, 
  viz: 
  Pawnees 
  proper: 
  Arickarees; 
  Wichitas; 
  Caddoes). 
  

  

  =Pani, 
  Gatschet, 
  Creek 
  Mig. 
  Legend, 
  i. 
  42, 
  1884. 
  Berghaus, 
  Physik. 
  Atlas, 
  map 
  72. 
  

  

  INN 
  7. 
  

  

  >Towiaches. 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Trans, 
  and 
  Coll. 
  Am. 
  Antiq. 
  Soc, 
  II, 
  116, 
  128, 
  1836 
  (same 
  

  

  as 
  Panis 
  above). 
  Prichard, 
  Phys. 
  Hist. 
  Mankind, 
  v, 
  -107. 
  1847. 
  

   >Towiachs, 
  Latham, 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  Man, 
  349, 
  1850 
  (includes 
  Towiach, 
  Tawakenoes, 
  

  

  Towecas?, 
  Wacos). 
  

   >Towiacks, 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Schoolcraft, 
  Ind. 
  Tribes, 
  m, 
  402, 
  1853. 
  

   >Natehitoches, 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Trans, 
  and 
  ( 
  'oil. 
  Am. 
  Antiq. 
  Soc. 
  II, 
  116, 
  1836 
  (stated 
  by 
  

  

  Dr. 
  Sibley 
  to 
  speak 
  a 
  language 
  different 
  from 
  any 
  other). 
  Latham, 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  

  

  Man, 
  342, 
  1850. 
  Prichard, 
  Phys. 
  Hist, 
  Mankind, 
  v, 
  406, 
  1847 
  (after 
  Gallatin). 
  

  

  Gallatin 
  in 
  Schoolcraft. 
  Ind. 
  Tribes, 
  in, 
  402, 
  1853 
  (a 
  single 
  tribe 
  only). 
  

   >Aliche, 
  Latham, 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  Man, 
  349, 
  1850 
  (near 
  Nacogdoches: 
  not 
  classified). 
  

   >Yatassees, 
  Gallatin 
  in 
  Trans, 
  and 
  Coll. 
  Am. 
  Antiq. 
  Soc, 
  II, 
  116, 
  1836 
  (the 
  single 
  

  

  tribe: 
  said 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Sibley 
  to 
  be 
  different 
  from 
  any 
  other; 
  referred 
  to 
  as 
  a 
  family). 
  

   >Riccarees, 
  Latham, 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  Man, 
  344, 
  1850 
  (kept 
  distinct 
  from 
  Pawnee 
  family). 
  

   >Wa.shita. 
  Latham 
  in 
  Trans. 
  Philolog. 
  Soc, 
  Lond., 
  103, 
  1856. 
  Buschmann, 
  Spuren 
  

  

  der 
  aztek. 
  Sprache, 
  441, 
  1859 
  (revokes 
  previous 
  opinion 
  of 
  its 
  distinctness 
  and 
  

  

  refers 
  it 
  to 
  Pawnee 
  family). 
  

   >Witchitas, 
  Buschmann, 
  ibid., 
  (same 
  as 
  his 
  Washita). 
  

  

  Derivation: 
  From 
  the 
  Caddo 
  term 
  ka'-ede, 
  signifying 
  "chief" 
  

   (Gatschet). 
  

  

  The 
  Pawnee 
  and 
  Caddo, 
  now 
  known 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  linguistic 
  

   family, 
  were 
  supposed 
  by 
  Gallatin 
  and 
  by 
  many 
  later 
  writers 
  to 
  

   be 
  distinct, 
  and 
  accordingly 
  both 
  names 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  Archseologia 
  

   Americana 
  as 
  family 
  designations. 
  Both 
  names 
  are 
  unobjection- 
  

   able, 
  but 
  as 
  the 
  term 
  Caddo 
  has 
  priority 
  by 
  a 
  few 
  pages 
  preference 
  

   is 
  given 
  to 
  it. 
  

  

  Gallatin 
  states 
  "that 
  the 
  Caddoes 
  formerly 
  lived 
  300 
  miles 
  up 
  Red 
  

   River 
  but 
  have 
  now 
  moved 
  to 
  a 
  branch 
  of 
  Red 
  River.*' 
  He 
  refers 
  

   to 
  the 
  Nandakoes, 
  the 
  Inies 
  or 
  Tachies, 
  and 
  the 
  Nabedaches 
  as 
  speak- 
  

   ing 
  dialects 
  of 
  the 
  Caddo 
  language. 
  

  

  Under 
  Pawnee 
  two 
  tribes 
  were 
  included 
  by 
  Gallatin: 
  The 
  Paw- 
  

   nees 
  proper 
  and 
  the 
  Ricaras. 
  The 
  Pawnee 
  tribes 
  occupied 
  the 
  

   country 
  on 
  the 
  Platte 
  River 
  adjoining 
  the 
  Loup 
  Fork. 
  The 
  Ricara 
  

   towns 
  were 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  Missouri 
  in 
  latitude 
  4G° 
  30'. 
  

  

  